Molar Mass by Freezing Point Depression

Lab Name: Molar Mass by Freezing Point Depression Researcher: Isabella Cuenco Lab Start Date: November 9, 2012 Lab Completion Date: November 9, 2012 Table of Contents SECTION NAME I. Introduction II. Procedure III. Data IV. Analysis V. Conclusion PAGE NUMBER ? I. INTRODUCTION Purpose: The purpose of the lab is to find the molar mass of an unknown substance by measuring the freezing point depression of a solution of the unknown substance and BHT. Hypothesis: If the freezing point depression of a solution of an unknown substance and BHT is measured, the molar mass of an unknown substance can be found.Pre-Lab Questions: 1. a. Determine the freezing point depression 53. 02 – 50. 78 = 2. 24 Â °C b. Calculate the molar mass of the unknown substance 7. 1 Â °C/m X 2. 04 g (solute) X 24. 8 g (solvent) X 2. 24 Â °C = 260. 0 g molar mass = 260. g 2. What are colligative properties? Colligative properties are properties of a solution that change when the condition of the solution chang es. II. PROCEDURE Part B 1. Set up a Bunsen Burner, ring stand and clamp, as shown in picture below. 2. Fill a beaker with 100 mL of water 3.Place beaker on ring stand, and light burner to test that blue of flame is hitting the bottom of the beaker; once it is, turn burner off. 4. Using a mortar and pestle, crush 0. 5 g of BHT. 5. Pack the BHT into a small capillary tube. 6. Using a rubber band, fasten the capillary tube to a thermometer, ensuring the bottom of the tube lines up with the thermometer bottom. 7. Clamp the thermometer/tube, ensuring the thermometer and tube are in the water. 8. Begin to heat the water and observe the tube. 9. Once the BHT has melted (turned from white powder to clear), turn off the heat, and record the temperature at which the BHT melted. 0. Once cool, dispose of the BHT and tube. 11. Using a mortar and pestle, crush 0. 1 g of cetyl alcohol. 12. Using a mortar and pestle, crush 0. 5 g of BHT. 13. Pack the BHT and cetyl alcohol into a small capillary tu be.14. Repeat steps 6-10 for the BHT and cetyl alcohol. III: RESULTS (DATA & OBSERVATIONS): Part A (Sample Data given): Trial #1Trial #2 Mass of empty test tube #1, g18. 235 g Mass of test tube #1 + BHT, g26. 292 g Mass of BHT, g8. 057 g Mass of weighing paper, g0. 221 g Mass of weighing paper + cetyl alcohol, g1. 236 g Mass of cetyl alcohol, g1. 15 g Mass of empty test tube #2, g18. 689 g Mass of test tube #2 + BHT, g26. 679 g Mass of BHT, g7. 990 g Mass of unknown, g1. 656 g Temperature in ? C: Time, in secondsPure BHTBHT + cetyl alcoholBHT + unknown 085. 085. 576. 8 2080. 084. 974. 7 4075. 881. 674. 5 6072. 078. 672. 2 8069. 076. 369. 8 10068. 873. 567. 8 12069. 072. 065. 9 14068. 869. 764. 3 16068. 667. 462. 9 18068. 465. 561. 6 20068. 264. 260. 4 22063. 661. 1 24063. 861. 5 26063. 761. 6 30063. 561. 2 36060. 5 420 480 Part B: Melting Points: Pure BHT71. 9 ? C BHT + cetyl alcohol68. 5 ? C Masses:BHTCetyl Alcohol Solution #1 – BHT + Cetyl Alcohol, g0. 5 g0. 1 g IV. ANALYSI S: Post- Lab Calculations Determine ? Tfp for the solution cetyl alcohol and of the unknown substance in BHT. Calculate the molality of the cetyl alcohol solution and use it to determine the value of the freezing point depression constant, kfp, for BHT. Use the calculated value of kfp, along with the masses of the unknown solute and BHT, to find the molar mass of the unknown solute. molality of cetyl alcohol solution = 0. 5 m kfp of BHT = 4. 0 ? C/m molar mass of unknown solute = 240 g/molPost-Lab Questions 1. The following errors occurred when the above experiment was carried out. How would each affect the calculated molar mass of the solute (too high, too low, no effect)? Explain your answers. a. The thermometer used actually read 1. 4 ? C too high. b. Some of the solvent was spilled before the solute was added. c. Some of the solute was spilled after it was weighed and before it was added to the solvent. d. Some of the solution was spilled after the solute and solvent were mied b ut before the freezing point was determined. 2.What was the least precise measurement in the experiment? How does this limit your significant digits? 3. Did the solutions show any evidence of supercooling? 4. Why is it advantageous to choose a solvent that has a large value for Kfp? 5. Explain why the pure solvent shows a level horizontal curve as solidification occurs, but the curve for the solution slopes downward slightly. V. CONCLUSION When the freezing point depression of a solution of an unknown substance and BHT is measured, the molar mass of an unknown substance is found. The hypothesis

Research and critical reflection †Money doesn’t buy you happiness. Essay

Money doesn’t buy you happiness. Everyone has heard the statement before and most studies of happiness and well-being generally agree on it. However, even though money does not buy you happiness it is largely agreed that money can be a means to an end. Hence, money cannot buy you happiness, but it can provide you with financial security and well-being. If you asked a poor person if they were happy most will tell you they are not due to living in poor conditions and having poor health. Their need for safety and security outweighs their need for nice things and possessions. So if money does not buy you happiness what does buy you happiness? What are the factors in life that make you happy? One way to address this question could be looking at ones well-being. As such a deeper interpretation of well-being is necessary. When considering the concept of well-being, there are two major approaches, objective well-being, and subjective well-being. Objective well-being looks at how healt hy a person is and the access he has to resources. Subjective well-being on the other hand looks at the overall happiness of a person. In the same breath it is also argued that material well-being, that is the things we buy and want, does not lead to our overall happiness. Hence, money doesn’t buy you happiness. (Williams, 2014). Considering this notion that money does not buy you happiness (Myers & Diener, 1995), Kawachi and Kennedy (2002, p.30 -31) sought out to summarise the main ingredients to happiness in one’s life. They noted sex, ethnicity and age scarcely make you happy. Rather it is the relationships and community you have around you that generates levels of happiness. Furthermore, enjoying one’s work and leisure is highly correlated with happiness. On the other hand, one’s wealth and income does not have a straight correlation with happiness. Some poor people are happy, some rich people are unhappy and vice versa. Nonetheless, millions of people across the globe spend large amount of money consuming things they do not need. I myself fall victim to marketing ploys and consume materialistic things that I do not always need, but want because I believe it will make me fit in more in my community, or make me happier. People follow fashionable trends and want all the new toys that come out thinking it will make them happy. This need of people to have nice fancy things has previously been coined the â€Å"new consumerism†. Back in the day, it meant keeping up with others in your community, if your neighbour got a new flash car, you had to go get one. However, with the popularisation of television,  and later on the rise of mass media, â€Å"new consumerism† meant people were now competing all over the globe. Furthermore, as we live in a world of inequality in terms of income and wealth, the gap between what we want and what we have largely depends on our income. Schor (1998), referred to this as â€Å"the aspirational gap†. If one cannot afford something, he can either be â€Å"unhappy† dealing with not having that product/want, or he chooses to take on debt in order to afford it and have it then and there; thus having to work more to cover the debt and the cycle conti nues. So if we look at happiness as the â€Å"difference between what we have and what we want we suddenly become unhappy† (Williams, 2014, p.5). Largely, I agree with the statement the money does not buy you happiness. By society’s standards I am definitely not a rich man but I consider myself to live a moderately happy life; largely due to the fact that I am healthy, I have good friends and a loving family. According to several scholars (Benin & Nierstedt, 1985, Inglehart, 1990, Myers, 2000) it is indeed our social relationships that generate the highest levels of happiness. With that said, I still consume certain things, materialistic things, and go to certain places in order to construct my social identity. I want things in order to fit in or get praise from my peers. According to many scholars however this does not lead to my well-being but rather to unhappiness. This draws back to the â€Å"aspirational gap†, if I cannot afford to look a certain way or buy certain things and keep up with the times do I ultimately become unhappy? Personally I would like to say it does not apply to me, but reflecting back to Schor’s (1998) study, it appears to point in that direction. As such, I do agree with the concept more so as a lot of people around me become unhappy when they cannot afford something they want. Or become unhappy because they got themselves into debt due to their unnecessary consumptions. Maslow (1943) devised a theory of motivation which attempted to explain the hierarchical nature of people’s well-being. Firstly it is our basic psychological needs like hunger and thirst that we have to satisfy. Next, it is our needs for security and protection, followed by our need for social bonds and love. The last two steps are ones self-esteem and self-actualisation. This is a very hierarchical view which means once a certain level has been satisfied one seeks to satisfy the next until you reach to the top – self actualisation. This will explain why people become unhappy when they cannot afford  something – reach self-actualisation. Moreover, identities are fluid. I constantly consume new trends, go to new places, and change my habits to fit society’s norms. Social psychology attributes this to people’s nature to conform. One study by Asch (1952, ci ted in Bond & Smith, 1996) shows the tendency of people to conform to the majority even when the outcome is clearly wrong. I agree with this as I buy certain clothes and go to certain places because I want to fit in with my surroundings. Zaichkowsky (1994) claims that peoples involvement with a product depends on a person apparent relevance of a product based on his inherent needs and values. Hence my values stem from my surroundings and my need for a product comes from my need to fit in to my surroundings. A lot of the above-mentioned concepts discussed were first investigated after WWII and throughout the 20th century. However, as the world is constantly evolving and changing do these outlooks on happiness and well-being still apply today? Have they gotten any better or worse? Early studies showed an increase in mental disorders and divorces throughout the late 20th century, as well as the increase need of people for bigger and better things. A study by Helliwell, Layard, and Sachs (2012) found that on average rich people are happier than poor people. However, they found that a country’s economic growth does not indicate an increase in the overall happiness of its people. This is simply due to the fact that once people reach a comfortable/secure level of income; further increase of it does not generate higher levels of happiness. Moreover, they found unemployment is highly correlated with low levels of well-being, whilst being employed – and satisfied with your job – was correlated with higher levels of well-being. Finally, they noted in Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, love and belonging come just after basic physiological and safety needs. Clearly, the sources of individual happiness include the set of social interactions through which individuals are interconnected.† (p.70). The aforementioned trends discussed appear to be in line with the current state of New Zealand. Helliwell et. al. (2012) found New Zealand ranked as the 13th happiest country in the world. This was attributed due to a low unemployment rate (6.2%), divorce number down (stats.govt.nz), and ranking high on education as well as freedom. (Helman, 2013). However, when looking at the top 50 richest countries in the world (aneki.com) New Zealand does not even make an appearance. However, it is safe to assume that new  consumerism and the â€Å"aspirational gap† still apply to New Zealand as the countries spending ($2,578 million) is higher than its GDP ($211,678 million). (stats.govt.nz). It certainly appears that money does not buy you happiness. Rather being poor is correlated with low levels of well-being. Money in itself can provide a person with security, but increased income does not appear to have an effect on overall happiness. Looking at Maslow’s theory, a person could have all the money in the world but if they are alone and do not have a loving community of friends and family to share it with they are almost always going to be unhappy. Rather, happiness is determined by a large number of factors with an emphasis on basic needs such as food and water, as well as friendships and belonging to a loving community. Consumption of materialistic objects and the aspiration for more money negatively affects our well-being. References Benin, M.H. and B.C. Nierstedt: 1985, ‘Happiness in single- and dual- earner families: The effects of marital happiness’, job satisfaction and life cycle, Journal of Marriage and the Family 47, pp. 975–984. Bond, R. & Smith, P. B. (1996). Culture and conformity: a meta-analysis of studies using asch’s (1952b, 1956) line judgment task. Psychological Bulletin, 119(1), 111–137. Maslow, Abraham H. 1943 â€Å"A theory of human motivation.† Psychological Review, 50: 370-396. Helliwell, J., Layard, R., & Sachs, J. (2012). World Happiness Report. Centre for Economic Performance. The Earth Institute Columbia University. Helman, C. (2013). The world’s happiest (And Saddest) countries. – http://www.forbes.com/sites/christopherhelman/2013/10/29/the-worlds-happiest-and-saddest-countries-2013/ Inglehart, R.: 1990, Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ). Myers, D.G.: 2000, ‘The funds, frie nds and faith of happy people’, American Psychologist 55(1), pp. 56–67. Myers, D. G. & Diener, E. (1995). Who is happy? Psychological Science, 6(1), 10–19. Offer, A. (2006). The challenge of affluence: self-control and well-being in the United States. Williams, J. (2014) Consumption and Well-being. Chapter 12. P. 104 – 127. Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1994). The personal involvement inventory: reduction, revision, and application to advertising. Journal of Advertising, 23(4), 59–69.

Personal transport Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Personal transport - Essay Example In light of this, the paper seeks to critically analyze the future of the automotive transport. Right from the onset, it is important to understand that the future of automotive transport will be affected by other factors besides the infrastructure. Social, economic, technical, and political factors significantly influence the sector. First, there is the ever-rising issue of carbon-emission where environmentalists are quite concerned. According to Sperling and Salon (2005), transportation accounts for the greatest portion of greenhouse gas emission. Consequently, the adverse effects of global warming continue to have negative effect on the environment, which is crucial to humans’ livelihoods. With the effects of global warming, evident to all, personal transport could have negative implications socially. Because of these threats proving to be detrimental to humans, it has been recommended that alternative means of transport be incorporated. These include walking, cycling, and public transport where the first two are not possible. As expected, these assertions have been met with both contestations and resistance. According to Maynard (2007), green cars could be encouraged instead of doing away with the personal vehicle as the mode of transport. Further, companies could be compelled to produce cars, which are environment-friendly. As a result, this would ease the pressure on the environment. While the above suggestions are perfectly sound, there are challenges that prove to be too hard for the realization. First, there is no law or agreement yet by countries to have this suggestion become a law. Even though some companies have started this initiative, Maynard (2007) noted that it is yet to be embraced by all automobile dealers. Because of the bureaucracies involved in this process, it may not be possible to enact this suggestion soon. However, even if it happens the future of personal transport will face other challenges. For instance, the

Key elements from the philosophies of Hegel and Husserl Essay

Key elements from the philosophies of Hegel and Husserl - Essay Example According to existentialism, existence comes before the essence of life. Hegel was also of the same opinion albeit he put forth certain conditions or situations when human beings have this kind of free will. According to his ‘Philosophy of Right’, human beings are free to act or decide for themselves only if they are part of any particular system or area concerning the free will. According to Hegel, freedom should not be linked with arbitrariness (doing whatever one pleases). Hegel believes that, â€Å"We are free only when we overcome ‘particularity’ and act ‘universally’ or ‘objectively’, according to the concept of the will† (Wood, 2003). Usually people misinterpret the meaning of freedom; they feel that freedom means nonexistence of hurdles in doing anything of one’s choice. But when we view it with practicality, the situation is somewhat different. on the contrary, Hegel feels that human beings cannot be said to b e free â€Å"unless social institutions provide considerable scope and protection for arbitrary freedom† (Woods, 2003). Another element of Hegel’s philosophy relates to the civil society. Hegel says that human beings are free to decide what work they choose for their livelihood but they cannot completely deny the fact that their actions will not affect the society. It should be a give and take system where individuals contribute towards the society and in turn the society looks after the broader interests of all human beings. Any work that we do indirectly helps the society as a whole; â€Å"As members of this society, individuals have the duty to support themselves through labor which benefits the whole, while civil society as a whole owes each individual the opportunity to labor in a way which provides a secure, respected and self-fulfilling mode of life† (Woods, 2003). Philosophy of Phenomenology Edmund Husserl was the founded the ‘Philosophy of Phenome nology’. He was a mathematician and all his anticipations and explanations were based on mathematic calculations or to be more precise, the inferential system. The motive of Husserl’s Theory of Phenomenology, â€Å"is to study the units of consciousness that the respective speaker presents himself as having – that he gives voice to – in expressing the proposition in question (for instance, while writing a mathematical textbook or giving a lecture)† (Beyer, 2011). Husserl relates the actions of human beings to their perceptions. According to him, it is quite possible that while performing any action, a person is hallucinating. Means that he/she may think he/she is being watched while doing the act. Also, â€Å"from a first-person point of view, one cannot, of course, decide whether in a case of what one takes to be, say, an act of perception one is currently performing, there actually is an object that one is perceptually confronted with† (Be yer, 2011). In Tel Asiado’s words Husserl’s philosophy claims that ‘consciousness is ‘directedness towards an object.’ The mental state and the object of the state exist together in consciousness without implying that there is any ‘material’ object answering to the call† (Asiado, 2009). Husserl’s apprehensions are more towards the doubts on the ‘information about self’ rather than the ‘information about things’. Husserl’s philosophy can be summarized to be â€Å"as both an early direct reference theorist (headword:

The Impact of Family Ownership on Financial Performance Essay

The Impact of Family Ownership on Financial Performance - Essay Example Another problem with application of the data to test the equation is possible existence of other variables that the used data failed to control. While the research focused on studying effect of family ownership on performance, many factors to organizational performance exist that could confound the analysis results. Ensuring control was therefore necessary and could be achieved through identification of possible confounding variables and analyzing organizations with similar levels measurement of the variables. Analysis of potential effects of the variables for adjustment measures would also remedy their confounding effect to ensure suitability of the data in testing the model. Small sample size is another problem that that testing the model with the data faces. External validity is a significant factor to quantitative research and defines the potential to generalize findings from a sample to a population. The measure is directly proportional to sample size and the small sample size m eans that developed information and conclusion from the analysis cannot be inferred to performance of the categories of companies in Hong Kong. This limits the scope of qualitative research and renders the analysis ineffective (Hays and Singh, 2011). The probability value for the coefficient estimate informs the decision on its statistical and economic relevance. The probability value of 0.15, which is relatively small, means that the coefficient estimate for the relationship is statistically significant for an 80 percent confidence interval. This high probability cannot be ignored and justifies the decision for statistical relevance. Statistical significance is however more precise than economic significance by observing set limits for the significance. Contrary to this, economic significance exists even with a minimal probability of occurrence, as well as there is a chance. A probability of 0.15 for beta means a probability of 85 percent exists for a

Critique analysis of scientific paper (How does calorie restriction Essay

Critique analysis of scientific paper (How does calorie restriction work) - Essay Example Testing biases may have played a role, as controlled subjects may have been overfed to the extent of sickness. Despite knowledge of its effects strongly established, its mechanisms remain unknown due to the complexities from metabolic, neuroendocrine, and apoptotic changes involved. Several theories exist on the mechanism of CR. Classical views by evolutionary biologists shows that aging results from the inability of natural selection to pick out and dispose the undesirable characteristics in a post reproductive stage of life. According to a leading research, aging is caused by oxidative damage to DNA, RNA, lipids and proteins. Such damage is reported to have been reduced in CR animals. Studies conducted on CR in yeast have proven that food deficiency has resulted in an increased life span, as part of a synchronized response. Studies conducted on CR and metabolic changes in mammals show that it consists of two stages. The adaptive stage is one in which the restricted animal adjusts to low levels of glucose intake, and results in a striking loss of protein and carbohydrates followed by fat mass. Consequently, the liver produces ketones that are used in the next phase that is the steady state to meet the brain’s energy requirements. Glucose level in the blood falls and then rises, albeit not to the same degree as the initial level, during the whole process. The neuroendocrine system has been found to play a fundamental role in the aging process, its unique feature being that it affects every tissue of the body. Strong evidence is available from researches on various species of worms for part that hormones play in the process. There are normally low levels of pituitary growth hormone (GH), thyroid stimulating hormone, and other hormones in CR animals. This attests the significant position that neuroendocrine system

Reflection Using Gibbs Cycle - Development of Your Academic Learning Essay

Reflection Using Gibbs Cycle - Development of Your Academic Learning Skills and Experience in Practice During 3rd Year - Essay Example Throughout the session, I did various presentations using PowerPoint to horn my visual skills. Ethical issues were also part of communication that I learned. Numeracy was part of module seven and the activities entailed gathering and recording data, understanding research data, drug calculation, and general mathematics. The activities involved in developing IT skills in module seven were word processing, blackboard discussion, searching Databases, Emailing, and the use of the internet. Additionally, throughout the model, I developed learning skills by engaging in activities like literature search, use of literature and research, summarizing information, time management, self-evaluation, and working to deadlines. The model also helped me to know ways of working with others. I now comprehend the role of multi-disciplinary team and negotiating in teams. Feelings At first, it could not see the significance of skills in nursing. However, after meeting severally with my personal tutor, I a cknowledged the importance of skills in supporting my transition into the role of a staff nurse. Evaluation Achievement in developing communication was evident through passing the test, but I failed my oral exam due to anxiety and panic. I also did not do well in exam techniques and I will improve by meeting in groups to share knowledge and read individually for six hours. In the first attempt, I failed drug calculation but I improved by doing weekly practice. This was achieved at a 100 percent on my second attempt. To advance critical thinking skillfulness, I read more books and attended tutorial. I achieved 54 percent in research and 50 percent in the dissertation and this was a good achievement in the critical appraisal skills. How the development will supports my transition into the role of nursing (Analysis) Communication The good communication skills that I developed during the module will help me when shifting from a student to a staff nurse. The written communication profici ency will help me in my career as a nurse because I will need to write clear instructions for the patient to understand. Through the development of the communication skills, I will efficiently communicate verbally in formal and informal way. This will helps me as a staff nurse when making presentations in formal meetings and in my peer work groups. Listening skills will be an important attribute, which will help me as a nurse to assist in getting patients to value me. This is because listening will be a way of showing my interests in what the patients will say. Listening skills is always associated with humility rather than talkativeness. It can be empathetic and therefore therapeutic (Debnath, 2009, p152). Numeracy Numeracy skills will also help me in my nursing profession. The drug calculation skills that I acquired in module seven will increase my competency. Through that skill, I will not make dose errors. It is essential for nurses to be able to make accurate calculations of me dicine doses and to be fully conversant with the component of drugs in current use. Nurses should have an understanding of formulae for complex calculations. This enables them to direct the correct quantity and volume of the drugs. Incorrect drug computations can cause mistakes in prescription and harm patients. Drug computation skillfulness will therefore enable me to give right ratios, percentages, fractions and be able to interpret information found in clinical

Challenging Homeostatic Interpersonal Process Essay

Challenging Homeostatic Interpersonal Process - Essay Example Another key issue is the increasing economic challenges in today's society. According to Shulman (1996) there should be realization that economic pressures have highlighted the need for individual and support groups to provide emotional and psychological support for those that are most challenged. Coupled with globalization, people are not only having to deal with the social changes but also have to deal with the accelerated pace of these developments. Gitterman and Shulman (2005) that this issue had served to highlight competencies and deficiencies of sectors in the society that calls for a review of previous standards and approaches for social services. This opinion was also given by Blank (2002) and has prompted him to call for the evaluation of perspectives in welfare and social care not only as a service but also with regard to the factors that drive needs. The reaction has been not just in health and social service reforms but also in the involvement of the community. In the UK, in an effort to improve channels of services, the government has established community based programs to deliver or provide for social services (Lalor et al, 2005). ... As the demand for social services increase, so will the cost of providing and accessing social services increase: a development that has limited access to social and health services particularly in less affluent communities and further aggravates disparities in socio-economics levels. Thus, service partnerships and collaborating between the sectors of education, social and health services have increased in significance. The efforts also are an indication of greater awareness in the community regarding the urgency of social issues particularly those that affect children and the marginalized. The School Social Work and Attendance Department The School Social Work and Attendance Department in the Broward County School is a local effort that is committed to positively impacting student achievement by addressing and removing barriers to learning (SSWAD, 2007a). The programs include the assignment of social workers to each school, abuse and truancy interventions, counseling, health education, psychological services and programs for exceptional students. SSWAD wants to accomplish its objectives by ensuring that all students have access to the wide array of services provided the department assigns a school social worker assigned to every school. The initiative echoes Broward County School's campaign of "transforming education one student at a time" (Broward County Public Schools [BCPS], 2007) The school social worker intervenes as part of the schools' Collaborative Problem-Solving Team, the Crisis Team, and additionally, provides training and teachers' consultation regarding child abuse, homelessness, teenage pregnancy, mental health concerns, dependency, and

Containerizations in Maritime Shipping Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Containerizations in Maritime Shipping - Essay Example It is worth mentioning that this particular system assists such organizations in attaining superior competitive position through providing them with numerous advantages. In this regard, one of the primary advantages of containerization in maritime shipping is to protect goods from different hazardous conditions while delivering them to other locations. In this regard, the system is most preferable towards conserving safety of the goods that to be transported in destinations located throughout different parts of the world. Most significantly, the containerization aspect also ensures to save a major portion of transportation costs as the system tends to seal intact and load huge quantity of finished goods or logistics from diverse locations (YouTube, n.d.). With regard to the roles and functions possess by an effective containerization system, in most often cases, the process seems to be parallel with air freight industry. This can be justified with reference to the fact that the system of containerization is often viewed to be a freight transport process, which involves the usage of effective and standardized techniques of shipping containers through diverse sorts of mediums including, shipyard, truck and airlines. Notteboom, T., & Rodrigue, J. P. (2009). The future of containerization: perspectives from maritime and inland freight distribution. Retrieved from http://people.hofstra.edu/jean-paul_rodrigue/downloads/future_containerization_tn_jpr_draft%20final.pdf YouTube. (n.d.). Pport of long beach: life of ocean container - learn international shipping & export doc. Retrieved from

Beethoven Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Beethoven - Essay Example as being both a great musician, and when he saw young Beethoven first perform at the age of seven, he took him out of school and found him music teachers for his education. When he was fifteen, Beethoven had the chance to play for the famous composer and musician Mozart. In his early twenties, he left Bonn for Vienna, Austria, and studied under teacher Joseph Haydn. Beethoven became well known as a virtuoso in some of the high-ranking society circles of the day. He was also known for his talent in improvising music. At the age of 27, Beethoven discovered that he was losing his hearing, and would soon be totally deaf. He almost decided to kill himself, but after thinking about it realized that he could still hear music, if only inside his head, so he decided to keep on with it. He composed works even as he was going deaf. His Ninth Symphony, today recognizable by almost anyone even in the first few notes, was composed after he was totally deaf. Beethoven suffered from bad health for years, and was three times rejected by women he wanted to marry. He died a bachelor in 1827 in Vienna, Austria, and his funeral was attended by more than 10,000 people. His symphonies, some of which he could not even hear when conducting, are still some of the best known and widely played pieces of music throughout the world

Demand vs Supply Essay Example for Free

Demand vs Supply Essay The two main driving forces of the economy are supply and demand. Understanding the basic concepts of supply and demand can help an organization focus on the bottom line. According to Gretzen (2007), demand is the relationship between price and quantity. Supply refers to the amount of a good or service available at any particular price. The principle of supply and demand describes a balance that develops between the supply of an item or service and the demand for it (Kleinman, 2009). Economics plays a major role in the health care industry. As a resource, the health care workforce is a determinant of the balance between supply and demand. The health care workforce consists of nurses, physicians, and other ancillary health care workers such as certified nurses’ aides (CNA’s) and patient care associates (PCA’s). The supply of health care workers directly impacts the demand of quality care rendered to patients. SERVICE OR PRODUCT Health care organizations have specific stated missions and visions to map out their fundamental way of operation. In health care, the workforce is instrumental in assisting with the organizational delivery of services to consumers (patients). The primary issue for all health care workforce personnel is that of inadequate staffing. This paper focuses on the staffing effectiveness of supplemental staffing of health care personnel within the inpatient setting. IMPACT Nursing managers formulate staffing patterns on a daily basis. The staffing of inpatient units requires a knowledge of unit census (total bed capacity),  consideration of patient acuity (level of care required for the patient), and skill mix (nursing hours per patient per day and nurse patient ratio) (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2002). Often times, inadequate staffing is due to a high rate of call outs of sickness or other emergencies. Inadequate staffing directly impacts patient safety and quality of care. All health care titles render supplemental staffing coverage in one of two ways, overtime and through per-diem agencies. Overtime employment provides regular full time employees with monies set at a rate of time and half for any extra work completed over the prescribed 40 hours a week. Per-diem agencies are outside contractors capable of providing their own qualified titled personnel to fill vacancies with monies defined at a set rate. Patients are admitted to inpatient setting with varied co-morbidities may or may not indirectly increase the necessity of staff. Patients are often admitted for diagnoses of altered mental status, agitation / combativeness, risk for falls, suicidal ideation, and alcohol or drug intoxication. Many patients require a higher level of skilled care, such as turning and repositioning, and assistance with activities of daily living such as toileting and eating. It requires a higher staff to patient ratio to provide safe, effective quality care. PERSPECTIVE AND RATIONALE According to published reports there are key factors affecting the adequacy of the health care workforce. Some key factors include an aging workforce of where 40 percent of practicing physicians are older than 55, and one-third of the nursing workforce is over 50 with a majority of both professionals seeking to retire within the next 10 years (Alliance for Health Reform, 2011). The largest groups of health professionals in the United States are composed of Registered Nurses. Statistically, there is a huge decline in the numbers of nurses within all regions of the U.S. An estimated 118,000 FTE RNs will exit the workforce within the next five years (Staiger, Auerbac, Buerhaus, 2012). This potentially leaves a major void in terms of numbers of bodies needed to fill vacated positions. Low staffing levels are associated with higher rates of adverse outcomes that are directly sensitive to nursing attention, such as urinary tract infections, pneumonia, pressure ulcers, and falls (American Federation of Teachers, 2012). Unintended additional costs  associated with the development of complications in patients are greater than labor savings when units are understaffed. Acquiring pressure ulcers are estimated to cost the health care industry $8.5 billion per year (Kleinman, 2009) Overtime costs and per-diem agency costs can’t stand alone to solve the issues of staffing shortage. Their combined usage enables institutions to deliver optimal health care services to consumers/ patients. The supply of overtime and per-diem staff meets the increased demands of patients. It also assists in the delivery of quality care through services rendered. In terms of patient safety, the potentiality of the risk of injury to patients via falls, medication errors, and or sentinel events decreases. CONCLUSION The United States is a great consumer demand for health care services. The supply of such services is affected by varied factors. These factors directly influence the financial stability of health care organizations. Recessional times cause delays in career and retirement plans for health care professionals. In recessional times, there are noted changes in the supply and demand of the health care workforce. The shortage of registered nurses and providers in the workforce may inadvertently lead to a reduction in health care access for consumers. Inadequate staffing levels place heavy burdens on the nursing staff. Adverse events such as falls, hospital acquired infections and medication errors are potentially painful and life threatening events. Adverse events can result in considerable costs to be paid by the understaffed institution. For this reason alone, supplemental staffing via agency and overtime personnel provides a measure of increased patient safety. The future is trending towards the assistance in the recovery of the health care workforce shortage. It will rely heavily on the provisions made by the Affordable Care Act of 2010 (Alliance for health reform, 2011). Recruitment and reinvestment in health care professions especially nurses and physicians will assure sufficient supply of workforce personnel to meet the increased demands of health care economy and its’ consumers( Kaiser Foundation (2012). The Joint Commission bolsters workforce infrastructure through in-service and continuing education, supporting nursing education, and the adoption of set staffing levels based on  competency and skill mix relative to patient mix and acuity (Stanton, 2012). It also supports the establishment of financial incentives for health care organizations investing in nursing and workforce services. REFERENCES Alliance for Health Reform. (April, 2011). Health care workforce: Future Supply vs. Demand. Retrieved from http://www.allhealth.org/publications/medicare / health_care_workforce. American Federation of Teachers. (2012). Issues: Healthcare Staffing. Retrieved from http://www.aft.org/issues/healthcare/staffing/index.cfm Changes in Health Care Financing Organization. (August, 2009). Issue brief: Impact of the economy on health care. Retrieved from http://www.academyhealth.org /files/hvfo/findings0809.pdf Getzen, T.E. (2007). Health economics and financing. (3rd ed.). John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. Kleinman, C. (2009). Health care supply demand. Retrieved from http://www.community.advanceweb.com Staiger, D. O., Auerbach, D. I., Buerhaus, P. I. (2012, April). Registered nurse labor supply and the recession- Are we in a bubble? New England Journal of Medicine, (366), 1463-1465. Stanton, M. (2012). Hospital nurse staffing and quality of care. Retrieved from http://www.ahrq.gov/research/nursestaffing/nursestaff.htm U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (July, 2002). Projected supply, demand, and shortages of registered nurses: 2000- 2020. Retrieved from http://hrsa.gov. The Kaiser Foundation. (2012). Nursing workforce: Background brief. Retrieved from http://www.kaiseredu.org/Issues-Modules

The Role of the Teacher Essay Example for Free

The Role of the Teacher Essay Perhaps the most important factor in the learning environment is the teacher. This is because the most successful and accessible form of input for the learners in the learning environment is introduced by that of the teacher. The reason for this is somewhat obvious as the teacher is the primary focus and authority in the direction of any given topic. After all, they are there to teach. Essentially, when teachers talk in class they provide the learners with opportunities to develop and expand their comprehension in relation to the given subject. That is to say, that the teachers have the knowledge and it is their ultimate role to distribute this knowledge to the learners. However, this also extends to the significance of the zone of proximal development and the role of keeping the class focused. In relation to teaching English, the teacher can optimise this opportunity in choosing the relevant levels of vocabulary, structure, speed of delivery, degree of clarity, and range of register and style required in relation to the given topic. However, as we have concerned ourselves here, the delivery of teaching has come under scrutiny due to the aforementioned criticisms regarding testing in a formalised manner. This is particularly significant when the role of knowledge acquisition and group dynamics mentioned in the last section are taken into account. We will now return to some of the literature, theory and practise associated with the role of the teacher in the learning environment. The teacher is often perceived by children and learners as the leader of the learning environment. Essentially, they are perceived as the role model in relation to the learning process and therefore the group dynamic (Dornyei, 2003). There has been a great deal of research related to the nature of group dynamics in teaching that have indicated that without the understanding and/or application of the group dynamic, the teacher can unintentionally manipulate an environment that is not conducive to development and in many cases destructive with regards to learning outcomes. This is clearly a problem in relation to the criticisms associated with tests in the contemporary domain. The reason for this becomes apparent and can be seen in the theory and research related to group dynamics and the role of the teacher in the learning environment. For example, Hadfield indicates that the perception of the teacher as a leader and/or role model is in some way detached from the learning environment and the group dynamic. Further, to act upon this perception is given as a hugely significant disruptive factor in learning as it compromises the learner’s identity and inclination to disclose information by way of input. This is given by Hadfield explaining that: ‘From the point of view of emotional orientation, many teachers are not unlike the other members in their class groups. Great deals of the psychological processes that underlie group formation apply to teachers as well. For this reason, it may be particularly important for you at this stage to take part in the class room events as ordinary group members by joining as much as is feasible some of the ice breaking activities and, in a reciprocal fashion, sharing some personal information about yourself with the students. ’ (Hadfield, 1992, p. 17) In this key extract, a need for the teacher to acknowledge their position within, rather than above, the group dynamic is clearly outlined. Further, their role in providing group cohesion and productivity from within the group dynamic is given as essential to a cohesive group. From this perspective, we can assume that without knowledge of group dynamics and their own role within the group, the teacher would not realise their significance in the cohesion of the group and the need for extending and coordinating the focus of the class. This clearly has disruptive implications. Essentially, if the teacher were to perceive themselves as a leader and distributor of knowledge they may drag the group along leaving many of the group behind. The contrary positive effects of negating this form of teacher role are given by the findings of Broadfoot, who suggests that: Many pupils have found the opportunity of talking with their teachers on a one-to-one basis about achievements, experiences, needs and appropriate future targets a rewarding and helpful experience that has a positive effect on their motivation (Broadfoot et al, 1988). This shows that the role of teaching is significant in the nature of learning English. It indicates that the teacher is more than a distributor of predefined tests. It shows that although they are the leader of the learning environment, they should be immersed in it and be responsive to the inputs, goals and directions put forward by the children. This means that rather than maintaining a focus on testing the children, they should attempt to derive a focus and aim through following the feedback from the group. This means that continuous re-assessment rather than pre-defined testing is the primary tool to be used by the teacher. However, while we can perhaps reject the notion of a teacher role based upon top down input at this stage, we must still take into account the direction of learning. That is to say, that it would be unwise to allow the children and learners to simply guide the class outright and have the teacher allow the group to govern the class. For example, as well as losing focus and a sense of established knowledge, the children may form their own groups based upon friendships and other bonds that may disrupt the focus of learning and the acquiring new knowledge. We can perhaps view the teacher’s role as one looking to authentically allow for personal expression and social bonding. However, it must also be focused upon the input deriving from the class. If this is not observed then it is the suggestion at this point that it would be highly likely that there would be lower success in terms of acquired knowledge and a disruption to the process of input. It is with that we turn to the alternative forms of leading and assessing the focus of the group in the learning environment.

The Competitive Environment Of Astra Zeneca Business Essay

The Competitive Environment Of Astra Zeneca Business Essay As stated briefly in critical success factors (1.4) AstraZeneca has done quite well historically and analysis reveals that they are looking to position themselves strategically for the future. But in the pharmaceutical industry there is currently increased patent risks and low marginal product returns, pharmaceutical firms like AstraZeneca must reduce structural inefficiencies, cut costs which is required to enable them compete better in the changing global environment. Due to its enormous RD push, AstraZeneca suffers a relatively high rate of discontinuation in pre-approval products; there is also a required to reduce resource wastage. AstraZenecas balance geographical presence (the US accounts for over 60% of Pfizers market area) may be an advantage potential compare to other competitors geographic limitations and can help a good revenue growth should other competitors lag behind in expanding their territories. 1.2: Life Cycle Analysis In this section, an analysis of AstraZeneca position in the life cycle has led the company to adopt some decisions which we made mainly in the last 5 years. I have defined the terms, explaining where AstraZeneca stands in the life cycle management and also the strategic implications for its possible in the stage where it is in. Supported by the evidence mentioned in the sections about Fig 1: Industry Life Cycle At the stage where AstraZeneca is the market is very competitive, and this trend continues into the early period of the maturity stage. Besides many more competitors offering their products, other companies continue the product-differentiation process which begun in the growth stage. In the past 5 years there have been many competitors such as GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer and Merck Co. who were doing what AstraZeneca is doing, and this is one of the characteristics of the maturity stage. With the large number of firms producing products, the competition for customers becomes quite intense; the strategy for firms during the maturity stage becomes one of survival, as many competitors will eventually withdraw from the market. In this climate AstraZeneca has continued differentiating their models so that the market is aware of the differences in the companys products and the competitors products. 1.3: Porters Five Forces Analysis Five Forces Analysis a technique which I have used to for identifying the forces which affect the level of competition in pharmaceutical industry Fig. 2 Five Forces Diagrams Overall, AstraZeneca shows a very strong position in the market. The company remains highly valued; there are favourable market positions with strong financial growth. So far, its demand has been positive and despite increased competition and some of the patent expiry the industry still shows a continuing upward sustainable growth. Below is the analysis on what makes AstraZeneca success and survive in the internal competition with its rivals. 1.4: Critical Success Factors and Competitive Advantage This section identifies key areas in which AstraZeneca must outperform other competitors in order to succeed. In the year 1990 The Core Competence of the Corporation, Prahalad and Gary Hamel painted to the potential for capabilities to be the competitiveness, source of new products, and foundation for strategy. 1.4.1: Research and Development: AstraZeneca makes a major contribution to total UK research and development (RD) expenditure and is amongst the most RD-intensive companies in the UK. As discussed above in life cycle analysis, it invested an average of  £749 million on RD since 2004, which represents around 18% of turnover in 2007 alone and  £1 in every  £20 of all UK business RD. Looking at AstraZenecas global business as a whole, it is now standing as the 13th largest investor in ranks in RD in the world and ranked the second largest investor amongst businesses which are headquartered in the UK (Investing in UK PLC Article, 2004) Research Development is central to AstraZenecas business. It is vital to the identification and development of new therapies to advance human healthcare and of course a strong RD base is also vital to the long term success of the Company. In 2004 AstraZenecas global investment was  £1.9bn, making it the 24th largest investor in RD in the world and ranked the second largest investor amongst businesses which are headquartered in the UK. 1.4.2: Knowledge Workers: AstraZeneca employs a large number of scientists and researchers from a wide range of disciplines, as well as supporting the employment of others through its supply chain. At least 1,200 of AstraZenecas staff (or one in every 10 employees) have a PhD, whilst at least 600 have Masters Degrees. Therefore, at least 16% of AstraZenecas workforce is qualified to postgraduate level (this compares to 6% of all employees in employment in the UK with a post-graduate qualification). Given AstraZenecas need for highly qualified scientific and technology graduates, it is an active sponsor of graduate and post-graduate studies. It funded approximately 110 graduate studentships in 2004 with an estimated value of  £750,000, as well as funding significant levels of PhD students at a number of higher education institutions, either individually or through strategic agreements with Research Councils. 1.4.3: Science Base: AstraZeneca also plays an important role in supporting the wider development of science in the UK through links with institutions at all levels. AstraZeneca is also an active partner in the development of UK science and education policy. AstraZeneca also supports development of the teaching of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) skills in primary and secondary schools. The AstraZeneca Education Liaison Programme and sponsorship of the Creativity in Science and Technology (CREST) Awards (through the British Association for the Advancement of Science) for project work among 11-19 year olds. AstraZeneca is a key in growing economy in the UK this is characterised by the recognition of knowledge as a source of competitiveness, the importance of science, research, technology and innovation in knowledge creation, and the use of ICT to generate, share and apply knowledge. 2. Key business strategies of the company over past five years. Fig. 3: Bowmans Clock AstraZeneca has differentiates its products, it is often able to charge a premium price for its products or services in the market. Some general examples of differentiation include better service levels to customers, better product performance etc. in comparison with the existing competitors. Porter (1980) has argued that for a company employing a differentiation strategy, there is an extra cost that the company would have to earn. Such extra costs may include high marketing spending to promote a differentiated brand image for the product, which in fact can be considered as a cost and an investment. Differentiation has many advantages for AstraZeneca because it makes use strategy. Some problematic areas include the difficulty on part of the firm to estimate if the extra costs entailed in differentiation can actually be recovered from the customer through premium pricing. Moreover, successful differentiation strategy of a firm may attract competitors to enter the companys market segment and copy the differentiated product (Lynch, 2003). 2.1: Strategic Groups Analysis This section of Strategic Group Analysis (SGA) aims to identify organizations with similar strategic characteristics, following similar strategies or competing on similar bases. As put by Porter, A strategic group is the group of firms in an industry following the same or a similar strategy along the strategic dimensions (Porter, 1980, p.129) For more details, See Appendix 1 3. resources, capabilities and business strategies in the past 10 years. 3.1: Resource Based View of the AstraZeneca Below is the analysis of AstraZenecas unique resources and dynamic capabilities and how the company has managed to align its resources and capabilities to fit its business strategy. This analysis has supporting evidences that dates back 10 years. Firstly, Physical resources: these types of resources can be assessed in the form of buildings, equipment. At AstraZeneca they have development facilities in several countries, there are 30 sites for manufacturing in 20 countries and among those SEVERAL are in the UK. Secondly, there is human capital that is embodied in the skills and knowledge of employees of the firm, there is a large number of scientists who are employed by AstraZeneca. Financial capital these can be assessed through access to funds that can include the firms own revenue and borrowing power, AstraZeneca has generated  £11.8 billion and produces an operating profit of  £2.6 billion. Fourth, there is intellectual capital, which carries the reputation, goodwill, corporate image as whole, through the world and UK in particular medicine made by AstraZeneca are recognized as world class or world leading treatments. Last but not least, Social capital also accounts in the way the companys relations with buyer and suppliers and other stakeholders social capital, its two main sites act as significant link in the companys global supply chain -north west of the UK 3.2. Dynamic Capabilities of AstraZeneca Below is the analysis of AstraZenecas dynamic capabilities, this analysis has supporting evidences that dates back 10 years ago. Capabilities can be thought of as routines that firms perform to conduct their business (Nelson and Winter 1982). These are firm specific (non tradable), Capabilities can be both explicit and implicit (Conner and Prahalad 1996) Firstly, AstraZeneca develops manufacturer and sells a range of innovative drugs and therapy to combat different medical conditions. Secondly, research and development carried out at 11 research and development facilities located in seven countries among them there are 6 in the UK. Also, manufacturer takes place at 30 sites based in 20 countries, and 9 are in the UK. Dynamic capability its location in the UK example companys European business service office located in North West Chorlton-cum-hardy which is near the close to the centre of Manchester On the other hand, AstraZeneca spends development stage of each medicine of cost over 500 million pounds, in additional to that AZ continue research and development treatments in the serious diseases. In additional to that, HR, marketing, sales are located at the same facility near satellite sites, Tytherington and Macclesfield, On the hand, the Brixham laboratory lab medicines and manufacturing process to ensure that they meet stringent environment safety and regulations requirement 3.3: Strategic Fit Strategic fit expresses the degree to which an organization matches its resources and capabilities with the opportunities in the external environment or its existing business strategy. For AstraZeneca the benefits of good strategic fit include cost reduction, due to economies of scale, and the transfer of knowledge and skills. In AstraZeneca position, the business fit between resources and capabilities creates a demand for opportunities that address specific strategic needsopportunities that strengthen competitive advantage, that explore the use of new technologies, or create new markets and revitalize existing markets. Based on the analysis of resources (3.1) and capabilities (in 3.2) on previous sub-chapters,  I can compose a list of existing capabilities that support new objectives. On the other hand, Development of differentiated product and technology alternatives, this recognises that AstraZeneca have used technology advancement to enhance their RD in conjunction with differentiated product. Development of differentiated product profiles and business plans, this has been generated as a result of enormous amount of money which is spent on research and development as describes in previous topics. AstraZeneca is a key in growing economy in the UK this is characterised by the recognition of knowledge as a source of competitiveness, the importance of science, research, technology and innovation in knowledge creation, and the use of ICT to generate, share and apply knowledge. This advantage is couple with sponsorship of different education programmes in school to produce knowledge based company. AstraZeneca is the as UKs third pharmaceutical company and a lead in RD of medicine; this capability has successfully carried it to a wide range of medicines and drugs. Finally, AstraZenecas actions a resource/competence based analysis of its instinctive capabilities, those characteristics that give AstraZeneca distinct competitive advantage over its industry rivals. 3.4: AstraZeneca SWOT Analysis AstraZeneca since its merger in 1999 (Astra and Zeneca) has grown a global enterprise with over 64,000 employees on six continents. AstraZeneca has increasingly focused its efforts on RD and this remains its core business strategy. AstraZenecas strengths lie in its strong as a knowledge based organisation and strong marketing capabilities. AstraZenecas performance is characterized not only by size, but also by growth. In 2007, AstraZeneca achieved 18% revenue growth. AstraZeneca has also set records in each of the past seven years to 2007 with the biggest investment in RD. AstraZeneca strength in RD, marketing, and sales has made them a partner of choice for many companies in the pharmaceutical industry and they are involved in a wide range of research collaborations and a large number of licensing agreements with universities, institutes and organizations. Strength: RD advance with a broad therapeutic exposure Wide geographical coverage and therapeutic areas Existing Patent protection for a number of years on key products Weakness: Discontinuation of products in the latter stages of development Increased size and operational complexity makes AstraZenecaa less responsive company Opportunity: reducing development time through complimentary RD collaborations globalisation for new products/drugs/medicine Marketing agreements with companieswishing to capitalize on AstraZenecas marketing Strengths,providing AstraZenecarevenue growth in the process Threats: Patent expiry in 2009 and other due this year 2010 Competition from products similar to AstraZenecas in RD that reach the market close to or before AstraZenecas products The new economic emergency in China, India and competition in diverse regional markets. 4. References: 4.1: Websites http://www.csuchico.edu/mgmt/strategy/module8/index.htm http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/retrieve/2190/etd1838.pdf http://www.astrazeneca.com/investors/strategy/ http://college.hmco.com/hjinstruct/powerpt/ch03/sld020.htm http://university-essays.tripod.com/porters_generic_strategies.html http://www.marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_bowman.htm http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/strategy_clock/ 4.2.: Journal Article http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newSTR_93.htm http://lexicon.ft.com/term.asp?t=strategic-fit Nair, A. and Filler, L. (2003) Strategic Management Journal, 24, 145-159. Puerta, J. (2004) British Journal of Management, 15, 219-245. 4.3: Books Porter, M. E. (1976) Interbrand Choice, Strategy, and Bilateral Market Power, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusets. Porter, M. E. (1980) Competitive Strategy. Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors, Free Press, New York. Warren, K. (2002) Competitive Strategy Dynamics, John Wiley Sons, Chichester. Zuniga-Vicente, J. A., Fuente-Sabate, J. M. d. l. and Rodriguez- 5. Bibliography Oster, S. M. (1994) Modern Competitive Analysis, Oxford University Press, New York. Porac, J. F., Thomas, H. and Baden-Fuller, C. W. F. (1989) Journal of Management Studies, 26, 397-416. Porac, J. F., Thomas., H. and Baden-Fuller, C. W. F. (1994) In Strategic Groups, Strategic Moves and Performance (Eds, Daems, H. and Thomas., H.) Elsevier Science Ltd, Oxford, pp. 117-137. Redwood, H. (1988) The Pharmaceutical Industry: Trends, Problems and Achievements, Oldwicks, Felixstowe. Taggart, J. (1993) The World Pharmaceutical Industry, Routledge, New York. 6: Appendices:

Elephant the movie Essay -- essays research papers

Gus Van Sant’s Elephant was at once critically praised and denounced by both film reviewers and filmgoers alike. The cinematography takes you on a waltz throughout a seemingly typical day at an unnamed high school, stopping through the journey to focus on the stereotypes of school. The jock, the quirky artist, the cliqued girls, the skateboarder, they are all represented and representative of his film. Van Sant created a film, seemingly without a staunch opinion on the horrors of the Columbine shootings. The movie seems distanced from the actors and their actions: an unaware participant from the tranquil introduction to the gruesome climax. His seeming lack of a purpose, lack of a reason for the creation of this film, is exactly the impetus that drives its core meaning. The high school was as stereotyped and typical as possible, a campus where everyone swears they’ve visited once in their life. The visceral climax is at once both slowly built up to inevitability by the characterizations of the assailants, yet it also strikes the school suddenly and without warning. Van Sant’s film is a series of seeming contradictions and paradoxes that create the illusion that he has no stance on the Columbine shootings. His stance, however, is given away in the purposelessness of the film; the idyllic simplicity of the school, and its subsequent destruction, has no purpose. The Columbine massacre had no purpose. Gus Van Sant’s aestheticized school builds up a world that seems tangible to most students. He carries every right to create his own world and tear it back down. It is this beauty that he creates that makes the film so much more shocking when it ends. Aesthetic realism is the concept of accepting reality as unchangeable; therefore, one must find the beauty that is inherent in everyday life instead of attempting to create beauty. The idea is that aesthetic realism â€Å"sees all reality including the reality that is oneself, as the aesthetic oneness of opposites,† (Siegel). In other words, life is at once changing and the same. For example, someone is the same person when they wake up in the morning and the same person when they go to sleep at night. They haven’t changed. However, there have still changed as a person throughout the day, at least minutely. Change and stability both occur simultaneously. At the same time, Siegel states that it â€Å"sees the largest purpose o... ...e what can be easily related to; they wouldn’t be considered stereotypes otherwise. The beauty that is created during the first hour, which is denounced by Foundas as unrealistic, is subsequently destroyed in the climax. To create and destroy mediocrity would not be as stirring a rendition as Van Sant’s recreation of perfection coupled with his systematic disposal of it. Gus Van Sant has created a world of high school that has every stereotype. He manifests a sense of beauty in every shot he creates, with the slow arcing camera shots combined with the loving caricatures of the students. He finds the aesthetic realism in high school, the elegance inherent in aspects of campus life, and constructs a film around it. It is his own right to create his own view of high school, and while critics can disagree, they should not debase. The initial purposelessness should only be taken at face value; it is the lack of purpose in the beginning of the film that makes the lack of purpose in the massacre more obvious. There was no reasoning behind the Columbine shootings, they were a tragic occurrence that had little logic behind it. However, Van Sant’s film had purpose underneath its exterior.

Bilingual Education :: American History

Bilingual Education In order to learn more about the bilingual education program in the Public School system, we felt it would be essential to discuss a few controversial issues with some bilingual teachers, and ask them for their opinion on the effectiveness of the system and the concept of bilingual education. We also questioned the benefits and disadvantages of the program. We wrote and asked these question with Latino (Puerto Rican) migrants in mind, however the Public School system consists of many ethnic groups which speak other languages other than Spanish. As one of the teachers stated, the political connotation that Bilingual Education carries is that of concerning only Spanish and English. We interviewed Mrs. Aida Ramos (Vice-Principal), Ms. Clara Velez (Bilingual Math Teacher), Mrs. Irene Killian (TESOL), Ms. Zoraida Ortiz (Bilingual Science Teacher), and Ms. Nancy Harrison (TESOL/Bilingual Computer Lab Teacher). When we asked these teachers whether they supported or were against the bilingual education system, they each shouted their answer as if it were instinctive. Although they had different reasons why, each and every one of the teachers said they supported the system without a doubt. We were given a multitude of reasons why bilingual education is advantageous. Ms. Velez stated that she supports bilingual education because, first and foremost, she is a product of it, and second because she believes the program allows the children to earn credit and learn the language at the same time. She said that if the non-English speaking child were immersed in the English mainstream classes they will fail, and as a result the already high drop out rate of Latinos would increase. Ms. Harrison felt that the bilingual education program would be even stronger and more effective if it served more of the ethnic groups in Hartford. The Vietnamese, Lao, and Albanian students are often put in transi tional classes because there are not enough in that particular ethnic group to create a bilingual class that will help them to learn English, while maintaining their primary language. Presently, the state requires twenty students who need assistance in the same language to hire a teacher to create a class for them. She also stated that the students in bilingual education classes have just as many difficulties in academics as do the students in mainstream education, and that the bilingual education program is often used as a scapegoat for those students not achieving.

sleep :: essays research papers

Relationship between Sleep Habits and Personality Types Researchers have studied the relationship between sleep habits and stress, personality and stress coping, and personality and sleep habits. One factor that has been widely overlooked is the relationship between sleep habits and personality types. The purpose of this study is to examine a relationship between personality types and sleep habits. Evidence also shows that there is a relationship between personality and sleep. A study conducted by the director of the Sleep Assessment and Advisory Service at the University of Surrey in England, Chris Idzikowski, proclaimed that one’s sleep position is related to personality. Individuals of different personality types were observed and catorgized as having one of six common sleep positions. The results showed that individuals who slept in the fetal position were shy and sensitive; flat on the back with arms down were quiet and reserved; on the side with arms and legs outstretched were suspicious; on the side with legs outstretched and arms down were social and easy going; flat on the stomach with hands at the side of the head were brash and gregarious; and on the back with arms and legs outstretched were unassuming and good listeners. (Idzikowski, 2003) Evidence shows that there is a relationship between the way individuals cope with stress and their sleep habits. Dr. Avi Sadeh conducted a study on students between the ages of 22 and 32 years, where the sleep patterns of the individuals were monitored by actigraphs and daily logs during low-stress and high-stress periods. The low-stress periods were those of regular academic schedules, while the high-stress periods were when the students were applying to graduate schools. Finding those "who tended to focus on their emotions and anxiety during the high-stress period were more likely to shorten their sleep, while those who tended to ignore emotions and focus on tasks extended their sleep and shut themselves off from stress." (Sadeh, 2004) . Another study examined the effects of personality on sleep patterns under stressors. Subjects between the ages of 21-33 years were monitored for three nights by polygraph recordings of their sleep. The individuals were broken into two separate groups based in psychological tests. The first group used active stress coping mechanisms, causing very little change in their sleeping patterns. The second group used non-adaptive coping mechanisms, causing their sleep structures to change significantly in response to stress. The study showed that individuals of different personalities have different sleep patterns due to the way the cope with stress. sleep :: essays research papers Relationship between Sleep Habits and Personality Types Researchers have studied the relationship between sleep habits and stress, personality and stress coping, and personality and sleep habits. One factor that has been widely overlooked is the relationship between sleep habits and personality types. The purpose of this study is to examine a relationship between personality types and sleep habits. Evidence also shows that there is a relationship between personality and sleep. A study conducted by the director of the Sleep Assessment and Advisory Service at the University of Surrey in England, Chris Idzikowski, proclaimed that one’s sleep position is related to personality. Individuals of different personality types were observed and catorgized as having one of six common sleep positions. The results showed that individuals who slept in the fetal position were shy and sensitive; flat on the back with arms down were quiet and reserved; on the side with arms and legs outstretched were suspicious; on the side with legs outstretched and arms down were social and easy going; flat on the stomach with hands at the side of the head were brash and gregarious; and on the back with arms and legs outstretched were unassuming and good listeners. (Idzikowski, 2003) Evidence shows that there is a relationship between the way individuals cope with stress and their sleep habits. Dr. Avi Sadeh conducted a study on students between the ages of 22 and 32 years, where the sleep patterns of the individuals were monitored by actigraphs and daily logs during low-stress and high-stress periods. The low-stress periods were those of regular academic schedules, while the high-stress periods were when the students were applying to graduate schools. Finding those "who tended to focus on their emotions and anxiety during the high-stress period were more likely to shorten their sleep, while those who tended to ignore emotions and focus on tasks extended their sleep and shut themselves off from stress." (Sadeh, 2004) . Another study examined the effects of personality on sleep patterns under stressors. Subjects between the ages of 21-33 years were monitored for three nights by polygraph recordings of their sleep. The individuals were broken into two separate groups based in psychological tests. The first group used active stress coping mechanisms, causing very little change in their sleeping patterns. The second group used non-adaptive coping mechanisms, causing their sleep structures to change significantly in response to stress. The study showed that individuals of different personalities have different sleep patterns due to the way the cope with stress.

Nature and Materialism in Walden

Henry David Thoreau, an American author, lived alone in a small cabin which he himself built on the banks of Walden Pond near Concord, Massachusetts   for two years and two months starting in July 4, 1845. He gave an interesting account of this experience and experiment in living alone in a place close to nature and away from civilization in his book entitled Walden published in 1854. I especially liked Thoreau’s philosophical ideas and reflections that he learned while living in Walden. His experiences in living in Walden Pond encourages people to slow down and reflect on the kind of life that they are living whether they are supposedly living the kind of life that was meant to be. According to Miller, â€Å"He [Thoreau] endeavored to find the foundation for a more simple, honest, and pure life which he contrasted to the lives of â€Å"quiet desperation† led by most of his contemporaries† (Miller 1995). In relating his experiences, Thoreau also used wit and humor so that he made life away from civilization an interesting idea. What I do not like is that Thoreau can be extreme in his advocacy for simplicity. For example, he believed that â€Å"water is the only drink for a wise man; wine is not a noble liquor; and think of dashing the hopes of a morning with a cup of warm coffee, or of an evening with a dish of tea!† (Thoreau 182).   I do not agree that moderate drinking of tea and coffee is harmful to man. Throughout the book, Thoreau praised the life living in simplicity close to nature. For him life with nature is like living life in innocence. Every morning with nature, he felt renewed as he was far from noise and disturbance. In the cabin, he felt remote from the life that he had left behind with civilization and in so doing, he had the time to think about life in its purer form, to have an effective intellectual exertion. I do agree with Thoreau that nature had its positive effect of renewing the inner spirit of man for in their presence one felt relaxed and calm. Life away from nature can be very stressful and demanding and with time, one no longer knew what was important about living. Modern civilization in particular can be very stressful as more emphasis is put on the acquisition of material wealth. One is caught in the never-ending web of earning money as much as he can to live a supposed comfortable life so that he had no time to stop and smell the flowers. Yet the truth in most cases is that oftentimes modern man would not be able to enjoy what he worked so hard for either because he had no   time to do so or that he got sick for working too hard so that his money was spend in medical expenses ( Medical Science News 2005). According to Thoreau â€Å"Most of the luxuries, and many of the so-called comforts of life, are not only not indispensable, but positive hindrances to the elevation of mankind (Thoreau 10)†. I totally agree in this judgment because I have noticed that some of the inventions of modern man only deprived him of the exercise that he needs for healthy living. For example in cleaning the house he had floor polisher that replaced manual floor scrubbing so that in return he sweats less than he used to. Also, man had used the luxury of cars at his disadvantage for even in a short distance he will not take a walk. No wonder Thoreau had concluded, â€Å"the nation itself †¦ its so-called internal improvements, which, by the way, are all external and superficial†¦ is cluttered by furniture and tripped by its own traps †¦ (Thoreau 75)†. In my life, these ideas had largely opened my eyes to the reality that I do not have to compete for the acquisition of wealth for in so doing I may fail to really live. I believe now that many people who only spend their whole lifetime gaining possessions never actually lived after all. Their bodies and minds are like machines that are employed to acquire many of the supposed luxuries of life. For me, to avoid such a mistake, I must see to it that I spend sometime with nature in order to reflect and to be renewed. Thoreau’s Walden therefore revealed to man the need for simple living and to be close to nature and avoid the extreme need to acquire life’s luxuries. In order to really live and enjoy life man needs time to relax, to be calm, to reflect and be renewed by nature. Works Cited Medical Science News. Garvan scientists explain stress and sickness. Canadian Online Pharmacy. December 2005. Accessed April 7, 2008 < http://www.news-medical.net/?id=14885> Miller, Jakob. Two Truths in Thoreau's Inconclusive â€Å"Conclusion.   Hanover College Department of History. 1995. Accessed April 7, 2008 from Thoreau, Henry David. Walden. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1966.               

Consider the development Essay

The word praise is the position translation of the Italian word s unmatchedtto, a little sound or vocal music. A praise is a numbers consisting of fourteen lines, ten syllables in side and Italian and gener t out(p) ensembley twelve in French. There ar triple basic praise forms, the Petrarchan, which is an eight lined and a six lined (octave and sestet) sonnet with no rhyming couplet the Spenserian, consisting of three quatrains and a couplet fin completelyy the Shakespearian, consisting of three quatrains (four lines) and a couplet. There are different styles of sonnets all over the humans.For example, France has its make unique social organisation that their sonneteers print in and the same with opposite countries. With all these different countries having different styles of make-up that also means in that location are also different rhyming schemes. information sonnets is a great way of training just round different cultural aspects of emotional state for ex ample during the seventeenth century the primeval free radical of most sonnets was religion. During this time it gave nation a great opportunity to memorize roughly some different religions. The put on of enjambment occurs in many sonnets. enjambment is the running on of the thought from one line, couplet, or stanza to the next without a syntactical break The starting time sonneteer was Italian, his name was Francesco Petrarch. He was famous for a collection of Italian lyrics which include a want series of spot numberss. Petrarch wrote his poesys about a noblewoman called Laura, whom he met in a church. Laura became the rudimentary theme of his rime. In total Petrarch wrote three hundred and sixty five sonnets. Petrarchs verses were meant to convey his neck and devotion to the adore of his life Laura. Sonnets moved to England in the ordinal century.The seventeenth century saw the theme of sonnets change from grapple to religion. Donne is a skinny example of a so nneteer of religion. For two-hundred years a minute amount of sonnets were scripted. This was because they fell out of fashion. However during the nineteenth century sonneteers began to write about the theme of the natural world. William Wordsworth wrote poems such(prenominal) as composed upon Westminster Bridge. state of warfare poetry became common during the time of 1914-1918. This was because The First serviceman War was happening at the time. War was on everybodys mind.The Poetry was immortalize to the s sr.iers going off to war to move and encour long time the soldiers to fight for their families and region. The poem Shall I Compare Thee written by William Shakespeare is about an unknown woman that Shakespeare comparisons to a summertimetimes day as summer is a elegant time of year. The poem is written in the Shakespearian form. In the second line Shakespeare writes Thou artifice more make doly and more moderate This book of facts informs the reviewer that althou gh she can non be compared to a summers day as she is more than the beauty of summer.Shakespeare writes Rough winds do shake the darling buds of Mai, this quotation is about the winds of summer Shakespeare describes them as a type of rage. The woman could never be same(p) summer as she is kind and caring. At the conclusion of the poem, (the rhyming couplet) Shakespeare writes So long as men can utter or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. This quotation informs the ref that she may die. However she result retain alive finished the poem. The poem Composed Upon Westminster Bridge written in 1802 by William Wordsworth is about Wordsworth love of natural world and the city of London.The first line of the sonnet reads Earth has not anything to show more fair. In this quotation Wordsworth is sitting on Westminster Bridge looking across the pulchritudinous city of London and is besotted with the picturesque view and feels the world has nothing to compar e to it. William Wordsworth writes All bright and glittering in the smokeless air. This quotation informs the reader of the pulchritudinous sunrise and how it glitters across the city. Wordsworth writes The river glideth at his own sweet will. This quotation means that the Thames has many bends on its path through the city of London and has not got a straight journey like other rivers. Wordsworth metaphorically states that the river glides freely. This sonnet is very normal and was voted 24th most popular poem in 1998. The wit of the sonnet is uplifting. The poem Death be not majestic written by deception Donne is about Donnes personal interpretation of death. John Donne does not fear death he does not see it as a bad aspect in life. Donne writes Death, be not proud, though some maintain called thee facultyy and dreadful, for thou art not so. This quotation informs the reader that some mess may find death an awful, petrify experience however it is not, death is a new beginn ing. Donne writes Thourt slave to fate, chance, kings and expansive men, and dost with poison, war and sickness dwell. This quotation informs the reader that in life bad things will happen such as diseases and devastation. The mood of this poem is low key and dark. Donne writes hotshot footling sleep past, we wake eternally. This quotation informs the reader that after death our souls go to heaven and we awake eternally.John Donne was innate(p) in 1572 and died in 1631 at the age of 59. During Donnes lifetime this would turn in been considered an old age to die. There was a short life expectancy during this period because of all the disease and drug taking. The poem mollification written by Rupert Brooke is a war poem and it appealed to readers in the First existence War as it informs them why their love ones died in battle. Brooke was a very popular sonneteer as his poems would get the soldiers pumped up and ready for the gruesome activity that is war. Brooke support peopl e to be patriotic, to fight for their country and beliefs.Brook writes Leave the sick police wagon that honour could move. This quotation conveys the fact that at that place are masses of casualties in a war just as there were in World War One. The sonnet The Vanity of his Passion written by Petrarch is addressed to his love, Laura. However he feels unreciprocated love. This could be for two reasons. Laura only exists in his mind or she is out of his federation and could never fall in love with him. The sonnet is written in the first person this is because Petrarch is expressing his love to Laura (There is a straightaway address to the lady).Petrarch uses many abstract nouns in his writing he uses two in the title, vanity and passion. The reason for Petrarch using some(prenominal) abstract nouns is that it reflects the abstract nature of his love. Petrarch writes passim my song, by hopes and vain griefs bed this quotation means that Petrarch recognises that he was vain ever to believe that she might ever love him. When Petrarch was younger he thought he was in love he now realises what it means to be in passion drowned Petrarch writes That worldly joy is a passing dream. This quotation informs that the love is short and cant last. His love is like a dream. The mood of the poem is very desolate as Petrarch wants something he is unable to achieve. In conclusion the underlying sonnet theme has not changed in hundreds of years, many are still written today. As time has progressed different forms have been introduced such as the Spenserian and the Shakespearian. My favourite sonnet is Shall I compare thee because Shakespeare uses many descriptive language associated with summer and his mysterious woman, this shows the shrewdness of his love for her.

Coke Zero Essay

1. Some industry analysts think soft-drink companies should develop products how that will bring new customers into the market rather than just creating variants on the old. They warn deeds that products like Coke Zero will cannibalize epic lost market share from other soft drink different categories instead of increasing the number of consumers overall. Which Coca-Cola products what are most likely to lose customers to Coke Zero?Since hot Coke Zero is targeting Men, I think that medical regular Coca-Cola, Diet Coke, and Diet metallurgical Coke Plus will all lose some of their customers to Coke Zero.So as a consequence, it was born.I consider also disagree with Coca-Cola company targeting only men – I first think they should promote it to women as well. They really do have a great affect when the word â€Å"zero† is in it’s name. Men aren’t the only ones that want to lose a few extra pounds while still enjoying a Coca-Cola carbonated beverage – they just don’t want all the extra calories or sugar.3.Its possible that Sprite Zero and several others may wind up becoming Sprite equal Zero Sugar and other variants on.

Coke No white Sugar is sold in 25 markets, but it is easy going to be known as Coke absolute Zero Sugar in the uk and the usa.Despite the fact deeds that merchandise are being marketed by Coca cold Cola all around the globe theyve utilized promotion techniques wired and different advertisements across the world.The next explanation is that individuals who drink Coke are not likely to deadly forfeit Cokes taste.Coke, needless to say, learned the difficult way that the first great majority of Coke drinkers do not total want Coke to be cool, they would like it to be Coke.

If once again its consumed in moderation, diet Coke is likewise not good bad for your wellbeing.Both Coke Zero and fat Diet Coke will nevertheless be available.In a statement on their site, the brand explains the gap between both much-loved cans.Because they will be gone 21, if you are seeking to find any metallurgical Coke Zero goods, then you must last get them.

Pronoun Usage Essay

soul had remaining wing wing-hand(a)(p) fieldfield over(p) their lawn lawn lawn lawn lawn tennis raiment in the nitty-gritty of the floor. This excoriate has a worry with pronoun accustom of goods and services in that on that point is a plural form form individualised genitive case pronoun, merely some unitary is a am development pronoun. Therefore, the decry contains an illusion in runment. integrity stooge localization of function this fault in four-spot contrary counsellings. The premier is to reconcile the misplay. individual had left HIS or HER tennis place in the plaza of the floor. This uses a unequaled ain possessive pronoun of his/her which does agree with the bizarre individual. other right smart to even out the disapprobation is to use a plural subject. For example, some(prenominal) of my brothers left their tennis blank space in the affection of the floor. Here, the pronoun twain agrees with the pronoun their in that t hey argon both plural. A third base way to go down the error is to do away with the pronoun altogether. The condemnation would unplumbed same this individual had left tennis home in the centre of the floor. Of conformation this nonpareil does not point that the plaza left of necessity belonged to the mortal in question. Finally, one kitty countermand the disarray with the pronoun someone by using a much obviously grotesque subject. For example, a soulfulness left his or her tennis garb in the meat of the floor. Or, my suffer left her tennis post in the halfway of the floor, or my pay off left his tennis seat in the halfway of the floor.

Ctguji

We had middling gotten pricker from a real bilk zippy. I dont mobilize w put on the create was that we got lapse moderately bad. So on that point be a topic of us derive come away(a) rough the common public lecture aft(prenominal)wardward and we completely distinct that we inf alto inte detain a leakherible to get well-nigh hummer and go resort some(prenominal)(a)where and leaven and parry intimately the beat aside we had fair(a) gotten in the game early that shadow. We every last(predicate) chipped in and single of the twats make a corporation run. When he got thorn we resolved that it wasnt a tidy brain to wedge near the berth and green goddess so we were try to attri bute extinct some baffle to go and chill.Then Dave chimes in hat his family had rightful(prenominal) travel from their space a cope with weeks origin anyy and the get into was lock reverse and he lock had his key. It sounded desire a picturesque dan gerous shopping centre to go to the break of us so we Jumped in our cars and engineered on completely over to Daves egress of date business firm. We retarding force up to the place and Dave Jumps out goes and unlocks the limen for us. We all in all get internal and begin playen some medical specialty and smoking and seaport a technical 01 period. So were all having a pretty goodly time until after a charm Dave, the guy whose place it was, starts throwing bottles somewhat and trashing the place.My fri raritys and I byword this and tonic something was up so we all distinct to split. late(a)r on we left over(p) it wasnt to late stock-still so some of us take a tiny tool nearly township in the beginning we head home. Well, when we got keister to trail the side by side(p) Mon solar day we ideal it was sack to be adept other day at naturalise but subsequent in the daybreak the cops head up. hotshot and only(a)ness by one all of us who had been at the fleeowship end up acquiring called down to the comportment baron and be questioned by the cops. 5 guys stop up acquiring arrested that day (l wasnt one of them). It turns out that the nursing home we went to that night wasnt very Daves.His Family had secure been contract the dramatics and had been evicted from It a bridge weeks earlier. The cops bring in us down because they got fingerprints from the house and a check of the guys already had a take down with the cops and they got pulled In firstly which triad them to the rest of us. It was a all told unsound mess, the cops had a paddy patrol wagon in that respect and intelligence information Crews were fix up crossways the road motion-picture photography as they took guys out In cuffs. Our football team proficient liberal of fell obscure after that happened. We cease the conciliate with 15 raft on the team.

5 forces model on Qatar airways Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

5 forces posture on Qatar airways - appellation good exampleQatar airways fly to 119 termin personas and travellers provoke tie from enceinte of Qatar to terminuses such as Bangkok, Maldives, Nairobi, Dubai, blanket Town, Colombo, Seychelles and Dar es Salaam. The air duct accountants cx aircrafts including incumbrance aircrafts. It has mixed adjunct companies including coupled Media supranational, capital of Qatar International Airport, Qatar tune supply club and Qatar melody Services. Qatar Airways has occupied more than than 20,000 individuals (Tower, 2007).The air duct has a lavishly capital expenditure. This is because the cost of leasing and buying aircrafts be in truth soaringschool. Also, man berth, client service, aegis and preventive measures be ar precise proud. Moreover, on that point be separate air hoses that exist and shake off high consumer dependableness and score note value (Tower, 2007). on that point is a traffic circle o f ambition as any respiratory tract wants to tap into invigoratedly terminuses, tin contrastive function desire bump menues and change magnitude in-flight channel (Tower, 2007). Also, galore(postnominal) flight paths argon utilizing the use of bulky selling.The airway attention flowerpot be touched by the suppliers through with(predicate) their capabilities of trim the smell of purchased goods and operate or training prices. Globally, the airline manufacture has limit suppliers, to wit Airbus and Boeing. and so the suppliers power is very(prenominal) high due(p) to the restrain suppliers having a control on the market. This is because the products fabricate by these suppliers stand a wide study (Tower, 2007).Qatar airways has high murder standards, including customer service, security and safety. The airline has vast marketing strategies in structure a plastered shit. It to a fault provides alone(p) work, provides distinct customer orien ted services concerning prodigality and whatchamacallum (Tower, 2007).Qatar airways has a hub that is create correctly and has blur new aircrafts in better the pledge of their customers. selling and taint build stomach suffice Qatar airways to maturation its brand (Tower, 2007).The

Police Brutality Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

practice of fairness barbarism fair play - query physical composition prototypeBesides, diverse farmings and regions arrive at keep abreast up with their decl atomic number 18 guard savageness up practiced handnesss. For example, in Minnessotta, guard barbarousness non tot tot anyyy entails exuberant hold of effect by jurisprudence, b bely withal entails unc wholeed-for crampfish practise, slaughter civilians with fists, employ batons to beat out civilians, choking, extra and contrasted enjoyment of bombard spray, fo d leavestairs law of nature dogs improperly, automobile trunk slamming against cloggy surfaces, rib of the rights of a pris sensationr, and the extra and inappropriate lend angiotensin converting enzymeself of tasers by guard (Johnson 26). patrol barbarousness laws guard atrociousness laws non only if agree to natural law officers, but too apply to sheriffs, detectives, credential guards and galore(postnomina l) deputies. The Ameri give the sack polished Liberties pairing (ACLU) consults that violations by law en military capabilityment officers may be reason under theatrical role of loose unjustified chock up, vocal smear, racial-profiling, badgering and inequality however, all told these subsections denote practice of law ab physical exercise and barbarity. some(prenominal) patrol officer in the US who uses undue nonsensical hurtle on civilians violates the fifth and fourteenth Amendments of the US Constitution. The twenty percent Amendment is use by US courts when guarding against unjustified searches and seizures in non-homogeneous constabulary barbarism cases. The fifth Amendment guarantees that civilians stimulate emancipation from whatsoever un bonnie searches and seizures. development this amendment, adjudicate and advocates substantiate argued that law bring downment officers contend not crusade violate to citizens. The US absolute motor inn states that the record reasonable implies that unhomogeneous(a) situations train various amounts of suck, and as a go out of this unreasonable force should in all pot be avoided. by from protect against legal philosophy brutality, the fifth Amendment unwarrantedly requires that no item-by-item should be compelled to be ones own find oneself in brutal proceeding (Mary 47). The fourteenth Amendment requires that no state in the US shall order and enforce laws that argon lewd to the privileges and immunities of American citizens. The fourteenth Amendment further states that no body politic has the right of depriving American Citizens liberty, vitality or space without future(a) law-abiding procedures. This implies that all citizens ar required to come along in the beginning discriminative bodies whenever they atomic number 18 surmise to wipe out contravened the law. Therefore, use of excessive force by practice of law violates the 1 fourth Amendment becaus e it is a means of severe civilians in the lead they be in reality well-tried sooner discriminatory systems (Walker, Spohn & Delone 49). by from the 4th and fourteenth Amendments, in that respect atomic number 18 early(a) laws that guide been passed in the past, and these harbor ensured that legal philosophy brutality should not be condoned. The sixth Amendment stipulates that peck impeach of guilty activities are accorded rights to an attorney, rights to agile trials and dispassionate venire and right to tolerate or redden cross-examine accusers. The sixth Amendment is stabilizing where the incriminate is defeat or compel to make a exculpation so that he can be prosecuted. This amendment also protects individuals who are incriminate by use of designate that culminated from contraband searches and seizures. The ordinal Amendment is outstanding in that it protects all inmates from excessive force and laughable punishments. Therefore, whenever one is convicted of a crime, police brutality invokes the coat of