Essay on Loss of Faith in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown

Young Goodman Brown  Loss of Faith   Faith can be defined, as a sloshed belief in something for which there is no proof. Young Goodman Brown is about a man who leaves his wife, Faith, at home alone for a night plot of land he takes a walk down the road of temptation with the devil. Along the road he retrieves many people that he would never expect to see on this road, his wife included. He returns to his life in Salem a changed man. In Young Goodman Brown Nathaniel Hawthorne uses symbolism and characterization to imply that when individuals lose their religious belief in the goodness of mankind, they may begin to approximate that their peers have yielded to temptation.             Hawthorne uses symbolism to imply that when individuals lose their faith in the goodness of mankind, they may begin to imagine that their peers have yielded to temptation. The character of Faith is Goodman Browns spouse, but she is also a symbol of h is faith in mankind. Browns relationship with Faith changes as the story progresses, from tender and condole with love to judgmental scorn. Browns thoughts about Faith as he leaves on his journey are Poor little Faith...shes a blessed angel on earth and after this one night, Ill cling to her skirts and follow her to Heaven(212). This statement shows that the protagonist has a deep love for his faith and knows that it can be his salvation. by and by in the journey Brown offers his faith as the last reason to abort his walk with the devil Well, then, to end the matter at once,... there is my wife, Faith. It would drop dead her dear little heart and Id rather break my own (214). At this point his faith is still more important to him than his own life. Later, just... ...e wizard request to? (220). The experience in the woods causes Brown to imagine that even his wife has yielded to temptation He spied the head of Faith ... gazing anxiously forth, and bursting into such joy at sight of him ... But, Goodman Brown looked sternly and sadly into her face, and passed on without a greeting. (220). Browns once steadfast faith in mankind is damaged to the point that he is shadowy of all his peers.             Hawthorne uses symbolism and characterization to show how easy it is to imagine that our peers have yielded to temptation when faith in the goodness of mankind is lost. Brown loses faith in humanity and starts imagining that all his peers are guilty of sin. Is mankind unworthy of our faith? No. Faith in the goodness of mankind is a belief in something for which there is proof.

Hand Guns :: essays research papers

I. IntroductionIt is estimated that in 1994, 39,720 individuals died from firearm related injuries in the United States . This figure is very alarming, especi all(prenominal)y when peerless considers this number not as a statistic, but 39,720 human beings.The write out that will be addressed is one that brings with it great controversy. Does our unspoilt to own guns breach upon the rights of others to live? Would it be a greater injustice to ban the right to own guns thus saving lives? Would this action decrease pain and increase joy for the majority?I ask that an open mind be kept throughout this presentation, for guns impact two basic rights provided by the Constitution. The first stern be found in these words at the end of the introduction ".in order to promote the general welf ar and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity" . The next can be found in the Second Amendment ".the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infring ed" . These two rights clearly belong to all citizens, but now one must question What about the 39,720 individuals who were killed by guns in 1994. Were their rights upheld, or has a great injustice been committed?Whenever there is an issue which generates great controversy, there are always at least two sides or views which must be considered.There are m both degrees of either emancipation or control which individuals believe, but they fall into either pro gun control or against gun control. Those who are against restrictions on gun control are represented by the NRA (National Rifle Association). The NRA states the Second Amendment as ".the ultimate civil liberty- the right to defend ones own life- without which there are no rights". The NRA strongly defends any and all gun rights, for they see any gun restriction as the beginning of civilian disarmament.Those who are for gun control and regulations also have vary degrees of beliefs, but they all believe that more reg ulations are in order. Some want the abolition of virtually all guns, while others simply want tougher regulations on applicants desiring a gun. This side also has many organizations which work to represent their beliefs, one of which is HCI (Handgun Control Incorporated).The right to own guns is defended by many for some of the following reasons. The right to own a firearm provides the public with power.

Death of a Salesman: Tragic but Not a Tragedy Essay -- Death Salesman

Death of a Salesman Tragic but Not a Tragedy Though a more modern version of cataclysm in its classical sense, Death of a Salesman in many a nonher(prenominal) ways is very much like an ancient Greek play. In his Poetics Aristotle tries to set discover the common ideas throughout catastrophe, attempting to demystify the necessary elements for such plays. One of his main ideas was that of the Three Unities - that of Space, that of Time and that of Action. He stated that all the act of a tragedy must occur in the place, which was much the front of a palace, which allowed the poet to have many characters coming and going, and allowed random meetings to occur easily, rather than having to explain the reason why any meeting should occur. It was, however, possible for the poet to bring in events occurring in other places through the use of messengers, who could talk about the events without the earreach seeing them. All the action would have to unfold in one day, and must be played out in real time - the time would pass as unfluctuating for the characters in the play as for the actors and the audience watching. This prevented the use of act and scene breaks, as time could not jump forward, it had to pass normally. Again references to the past often came in the form of speech from characters whom often had not been seen for a very long time, such as the shepherd in Oedipus Rex who explains how he had come by Oedipus as a baby whilst attending his flock. The entire play had to revolve around a single plot, and subplots, such as you see in many of Shakespeares comedies, were not allowed. Aristotle reasoned that if there were other plots interfering with and infringing upon the main plot we could not concentrate entirely on Antigonys plight, ... ...ccept his refusal to act rationally. An audience can accept that true tragic heroes are often irrational, and driven by very different feelings from those of normal human beings, but in the end, Willy Loman d oes not evoke tragic emotion because he is, simply, a dime a dozen. Works Cited and Consulted Aristotle. Poetics. New York Dover Publications, Inc., 1997. Baym, Franklin, Gottesman, Holland, et al., eds. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. 4th ed. New York Norton, 1994. Costello, Donald P. Arthur Millers Circles of Responsibility A View From a Bridge and Beyond. Modern Drama. 36 (1993) 443-453 Florio, Thomas A., ed. Millers Tales. The New Yorker. 70 (1994) 35-36. Martin, Robert A., ed. Arthur Miller. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, 1982. Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman. New York Viking, 1965.

Murder Mysteries. :: English Literature

Murder Mysteries.Murder mysteries have a motive to start off the investigation. Theyalso always have detectives, murder, an alibi, victims, weapons,evidence, a twist in the tale, and suspense. Sometimes a little,sometimes a lot. The location and the setting are some of main factorsfor murder mysteries. If a murder brain-teaser doesnt contain any ofthese, it cannot be defined as a murder mystery. You could say thatthese are the backb single to this genre of story.Roald Dahl wrote Lamb to the Slaughter. It was first make in1954. Lamb to the Slaughter is written in the speech of the time thestory was published. In Lamb to the Slaughter the use of present day,modern lyric automatically gives the impression that it is writtenin this time of the century. Roald Dahl is more famous for writingchildrens stories. In his adult stories he always writes about cut-and-dry people who get involved in difficult situations. Lamb to theSlaughter is more prominent as an adults story. This story is am urder mystery and is one of the two short stories that I am going toinvestigate.The other short story, which I will be investigating, is The SpeckledBand. The Speckled Band was written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and wasfirst published in 1892. The Speckled Band is also written in thespeech of the late 19th century. The language of that time seemed tobe more than more formal, accurate English and much less colloquiallanguage was used. Using a language like this gives the book theatmosphere of that time. It is one of the books from the secret agentHolmes series. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle established a tradition ofdetective fiction and modern detective fiction tries to continue thistradition.Sherlock Holmes is one of the most famous and popular detectives inthe world. Holmes was similar to a super hero in that time. When SirArthur Conan Doyle cancelled the publication of Sherlock Holmes thepublic was devastated to read about the death of the detective. Men incapital of the United Kingdom wore black armbands as a mark of respect. It got so bad thatSir Arthur Conan Doyle even received death threats so he had to bringhim back. Sherlock Holmes was re-born. This just shows how popular, living and believable Sherlock Holmes stories really are.The reason Sherlock Holmes stories were so much in demand is becauseof their enchanting and realistic characteristics and settings. Thestories are very descriptive and it gives you a clear picture of whatis happening in them and the settings create an entrancing andmysterious atmosphere. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle uses a formula in his

The Hepatitis B Virus and Vaccination Essay -- Exploratory Essays Rese

The Hepatitis B Virus and inoculationThe hepatitis B virus (HBV) has a long history of being shrouded in mystery concerning its cause and transmission and the discussion of its resulting symptoms and diseases. As more than was learned about the virus in the first half of this century, it came to be identified largely with homosexuals and intravenous drug users. Due to its preponderance among such already marginalized members of society, hepatitis B was viewed as a highly stigmatized disease and further research concerning HBV was not a top priority in the unify States. However, these sentiments have changed somewhat in the past several decades, due in part to the spread of HBV to a wider, non-stigmatized, segment of society. By studying more patients and devoting more research energy to HBV, the biology of the virus is more clearly understood. This increased biological knowledge provided for the development of a vaccine against hepatitis B. With the advent of a vaccine, hepatitis B has lost much of its stigmatization and, as a known and in many cases preventable disease, is now viewed much more favorably by the medical community. Controversy concerning HBV remains in the form of debate about the effectiveness, safety, and necessity of the vaccination, and this debate is better understood through an understanding of the history of HBV, development of the vaccination, and views towards some(prenominal) through time.The development of the HBV vaccine has followed a fairly straightforward and logical path. It is believed that HBV has been present in human populations for thousands of years, based primarily on descriptions of common hepatitis B symptoms in ancient texts (Blumberg, p. 402). However, since many of the mild symptoms of HBV are sha... ...cine is Life-Saving OnlineAvailable http//www.hepnet.com/hepb/news012599.html February 26, 1999.Blumberg, Baruch. (1988) Hepatitis B Virus and the Carrier Problem in Social Research , vol. 55, no. 3 pp. 401-412.Lee , Samuel, M.D. (1997) Hepatitis Vaccination Questions and Answers OnlineAvailable http//www.hepnet.com/update11.html February 26, 1999.Muraskin, William. (1995) The War Against Hepatitis B . Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaUniversity of Pennsylvania Press.Murray, Rosenthal, Kobayashi, and Pfaller. (1998) Medical Microbiology, 3rd Edition .St. Louis, Missouri Mosby Publishing Co. pp. 526-532.Schumacher, Karin (Webmaster). (1999) Hepatitis B Vaccine Reaction Reports Outnumber Reported sickness Cases in Children According to Vaccine SafetyGroup Online Available http//www.909shot.com/hepatitisb.htm February 26, 1999.

The Hepatitis B Virus and Vaccination Essay -- Exploratory Essays Rese

The Hepatitis B Virus and VaccinationThe hepatitis B virus (HBV) has a long report of being shrouded in mystery concerning its elbow grease and transmission and the treatment of its resulting symptoms and diseases. As more was learned about the virus in the first half of this century, it came to be identified largely with homosexuals and intrave no.s dose users. Due to its prevalence among such already marginalized members of society, hepatitis B was viewed as a highly stigmatized disease and further research concerning HBV was not a top antecedency in the United States. However, these sentiments have changed somewhat in the past several decades, due in part to the spread of HBV to a wider, non-stigmatized, segment of society. By analyze more patients and devoting more research energy to HBV, the biology of the virus is more clearly understood. This increased biological knowledge provided for the development of a vaccine against hepatitis B. With the orgasm of a vaccine, hepati tis B has lost much of its stigmatization and, as a known and in many cases preventable disease, is now viewed much more favourably by the medical community. Controversy concerning HBV remains in the form of debate about the effectiveness, safety, and necessity of the vaccination, and this debate is better understood through an understanding of the history of HBV, development of the vaccination, and views towards both through time.The development of the HBV vaccine has followed a fairly straightforward and logical path. It is believed that HBV has been present in human populations for thousands of years, based primarily on descriptions of common hepatitis B symptoms in ancient texts (Blumberg, p. 402). However, since many of the mild symptoms of HBV are sha... ...cine is Life-Saving OnlineAvailable http//www.hepnet.com/hepb/news012599.html February 26, 1999.Blumberg, Baruch. (1988) Hepatitis B Virus and the Carrier Problem in Social Research , vol. 55, no. 3 pp. 401-412.Lee, Samue l, M.D. (1997) Hepatitis Vaccination Questions and Answers OnlineAvailable http//www.hepnet.com/update11.html February 26, 1999.Muraskin, William. (1995) The War Against Hepatitis B . Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaUniversity of Pennsylvania Press.Murray, Rosenthal, Kobayashi, and Pfaller. (1998) Medical Microbiology, 3rd Edition .St. Louis, Missouri Mosby Publishing Co. pp. 526-532.Schumacher, Karin (Webmaster). (1999) Hepatitis B Vaccine Reaction Reports number Reported Disease Cases in Children According to Vaccine SafetyGroup Online Available http//www.909shot.com/hepatitisb.htm February 26, 1999.

Longevity research Essay

Today, a great amount of people catch learned to enjoy breeding once again as a senior in the community. This would speak of those in the 70s and beyond. Life expectancy for Ameri evokes, which was a mere 49 years in 1900, has now attachd to around 76 years. This we can say is due to improvements in health c atomic procedure 18, nutrition, and the overall standard of spirit. Not just now are people living longer, but they are becoming to a greater extent active in their older age, relative to elderly of the past.More older Americans are able carry out their own instrumental activities of daily living (Hodes 2003) As such, the desire for life has grown and billions have been poured into seniority research, an undertaking meant to achieve ways and sum to extend life. A vast motivation in science has been well-funded to discover how to keep man alive longer, with its aim toward more and more years. (Douglas 2006) There are concerns however atomic number 53 must view in light o f this, namely, give a society with umteen living over a hundred years be actually as beautiful as it seems to present?The first concern would be the quality of life given that although the remains may be kept health, the brain lead be aging. Surely, the mind at the age of 110 is not as lucid as that of wholeness at the age of 60. There are many maladys that correlate with the aging brain, but let us use the more common Alzheimers disease as an example. This is a devastating condition that has been seen to have a profound impact on individuals, families, the health care system, and society as a whole.demographic studies suggest that if the current trends maintain themselves, the annual number of incident cases of this disease will begin a sharp increase in the year 2030 thereabouts. (Alzheimers association 2009) This will be a time that people born between 1946 and 1964 will all be over 65 years. Studies further usher that by the year 2050, the number of Americans with the disease could double. Imagine these implications. Its unfeigned that people live longer, but then what quality of life can one have if he lives 20 years more but has lost memory of his family and friends.This disease accounts for around 50-50% of cases of dementia. With increase longevity, there will be a large increase in the prevalence of the disease as people will be living to be older. It can be such impediment to the individual to live in a condition where for years he is grasping at memories that he cannot recall. Its an incredible burden to the family as well, as they will now be responsible for more elderly, living longer lives, incapable of self care, and maybe plain incapable of recognizing kin.Imagine a scenario where a parent is 110 years old, their child being 85 and their grandchild at 60, how would it be feasible for the turn of care to pass from parent to child in such a scenario where all are classifiable as aged. A second concern is that apart from the aging min d, there is too the aging body. It is true that the individual will be living long, but then there are multitudes of risks that will accompany this. The wear and tear from all the years will now set in as he will now be more prone to multitudes of disease as years go by.Sicknesses alike arthritis of the joints, a heart attack, stokes, cataracts, diabetes and many more will all now be factors that come into play. Even worse, should the person gain a long-playing enfeeble condition, one with no cure such as the case of Alzheimers previously mentioned, then again what kind of quality of life can he sustain? Lets take a stroke for example. Currently, a stroke is the third leading perform of death in the United States. Statistics channelise that over 143,579 people die each year in the United States from this condition.Now in terms of long term disability, stroke is the leading cause as people may live on with their life span after a completed stroke. Furthermore, having a stroke doe s not mean that a person cannot have another one to further cause disability. Now, it is seen that nearly three-quarters of all strokes guide in people over the age of 65. It is also renowned that the risk of having a stroke more than doubles each decade after the age of 55. (Internet Stroke Center 2009) This is not even accounting for those who go through strokes at a young age.Now, given this data, imagine the risk for one who is to live until 120 years old. Imagine if a large great deal of population were to live this long, then the worldwide prevalence of stroke survivors would be high. After a stroke, it is very possible for one to lose control of speech, of impetus in half a body, of mobility, and sometimes even requiring full time nursing care. The implications on a person and a family would be immense. Given that strokes occur generally in people over 65, imagine having one at 70 and then living for 40 more years. How would one survive that unaccompanied without the cap acity to communicate.Its true that one can live with the heart beating, but the question is in terms of quality of life. Another concern that also affects health will be the incidence of depression. A longer life for one spouse would mean having to live through the death of loved ones. longevity increases the number of years one would live past the death of a spouse and family. Studies can increase life but imagine a scenario where a parent has to live past his spouse children and grandchildren. Again, the concern regarding quality of life comes in play is emotional makeup is indeed a very eventful aspect of human life.Rebecca Utz, a sociologist at ISR stated While only about 6 percent of widowed persons had full financial problems since their spouse died, 63 percent reported less income and 34 percent said their financial strain increased significantly after they were widowed. The negative scotch consequences are even more pronounced for women than they are for men, and the dec lines are lasting, not a temporary drop associated with funeral expenses or estate planning. (About. com 2009) This itself is proof of how ones death can affect an individual, not only in terms of health and emotion, but in terms of capability to function as well.Increasing longevity means increasing the chances that people will outlive one, or even more spouses, and have to deal with many deaths for many years. Depression rates will increase as a consequence of spouses living well past their mates, their children and maybe even their grandchildren. A study conducted showed that eighty-four (24%) of 350 widows and widowers met criteria for depressive episodes at 2 months, 72 (23%) of 308 did so at 7 months, and 46 (16%) of 286 did so at 13 months, further supporting this claim that depression and emotional consequences of too much longevity should be of concern.(Zisook, S & Shuchter, S. 1991) A fourth point that should raise concern for biologic implications for longevity revolve a round care for the elderly. Today, families turn to nursing homes and assisted living to give the elderly the care and attention they need. The alarming factor now revolves around what actual care they are receiving in these corrects, as a congressional report made by CBS intelligence information correspondent Bill Whitaker previously stated that around 1,600 U. S. nursing homes, nearly one-third of all in total, have been cited for abuse.These reported abuses were of various types, spanning from physical, sexual and verbal. All abuse in all these forms is on the rise. The report further noted that that more than twice as many nursing homes were cited for abuse in 2000 than in 1996. It was further seen that in 1,601 nursing homes , around 1 in 10 abuse citations were made in serious incidents. By serious, it was meant that they either put residents at great risk of harm, injured them or killed them. (CBS news 2001) Imagine how greatly the health of these poor elderly could be affe cted by increased longevity.Already at this current time with our elderly, society is unable to result adequate care for them, and resorting to nursing homes and various assisted living environments that have led to elderly abuse. What more an increase can be expected if people were to live into the hundreds. The population would have a forceful increase in the aged, thus increasing the burden on society to care for them. If at this current day and age, society already is unable to carry on the abuse problem, then the health implications of longevity are grave in that they will aggravate the abuse by increasing the number of elderly remaining alone.Investigators have further said that many violations are neither detected nor reported, which leads officials to conclude that the problem is even underestimated. Surely, if society cannot currently manage the elderly and offer a good, healthy and safe environment for them, then there is no way that society can do so after a further increase in the aged that longevity research will bring. My fifth and final concern regarding longevity lies in the fact that it will now place a large amount of population that has needs to be fulfilled but cannot fulfill them on its own.Increasing longevity will increase the number of senior citizens and the number of non-works elderly dependent. The health concerns for this are immense, as the question that can now be raised is regarding who in society will provide for the health of these individuals who cannot earn a living for themselves. CDC research concerns states that the increased number of people with ages over 65 will potentially lead to increased health-care follows. The health-care cost per capita for persons from the age group over 65 years in the United States is three to five times greater than the cost for persons below that age.(CDC 2003) Imagine how this will increase if people were to live 20 years longer. Currently, the number of persons aged 65 years is expec ted to rise from around 35 million in 2000 to an estimated 71 million in 2030. Longevity will even increase this number. Eventually, as resources will decline, then there will not be enough economic support to support the aged, leading to substandard healthcare and health risks. There may not be enough to provide them with medical needs, particularly because the working population may be outnumbered by the dependent elderly non-working populous.As such, in conjunction with many other previously discussed claims, the promise of longevity, although seemingly tempting, may not exactly be as, wonderful as it seems to be.WORKS CITEDAbout. comMental health (2009) Losing a Spouse What Hurts and What Helps online accessible from April 6, 2009 Alzheimers association (2009) What is Alzheimersonline Available from April 6, 2009CBS news (2001) Nursing Home Abuse Increasing online Available from April 6, 2009 CDC (2003) Public Health and Aging Trends in Aging United States and Worldwide MMW R weeklyonline Available from April 6, 2009 Douglas, J. (2006) New longevity research center launched to study supercentenarians Natural News online Available from http//www. naturalnews. com/020701. html April 6, 2009 Hodes, R.(2003) Human Longevity and Aging Research. Special Committee on Aging online Available from April 6, 2009 Internet Stroke Center (2009) Stroke Statistics online Available from April 6, 2009 Zisook, S & Shuchter, S. (1991) Depression through the first year after the death of a spouse Am J Psychiatry online Available from April 6, 2009

Anaerobic respiration in yeast Essay

AIM See the effect of temperature in anaerobiotic respiration of barm by numbering carbon dioxide bubbles.HYPHOTESIS Anaerobic respiration in yeast will decrease as temperature increases.VARIABLES Independent TemperatureDependent Rate of anaerobic respiration in yeastFix Volume of sugar solution (40ml) , Concentration of sugar solution, yeast mass (2g), volume of solution of yeast & sugar all together (20ml)MATERIALSDelivering underground2 test tubes2 beakersBunsen BurnerTap WaterThermometer (0.1)Electronic BalanceSpatulaSugar SolutionYeastWaterMeasuring Cylinder part1. Mea incontestable 40 ml of sugar solution with the measuring tube. Place the 40 ml on the big beaker2. Measure 2 g of yeast using the electric balance. Place the 2 g on the beaker with the sugar solution3. Stir the yeast-sugar solution (Solution A) using the glass stick until the yeast has all dissolved4. Separate Solution A into two 20 ml solutions (Solution A1 and Solution A2). To do so, measure 20 ml with the measuring tube and derriere them on a small beaker. Repeat the procedure with the other 20 ml.5. Prepare a water bath on the Styrofoam cup. Using the thermomether, make sure the water bath has a temperature of 45C.6. Light the Bunsen burner. Heat solution A1 to a temperature of 40C7. Using the measuring cylinder, measure 15 ml of Solution A1 and place them on one of the boiling tubes. Cover the boiling tube with the sales pitch tube and place the other end of the delivery tube into a test tube which contains tap water8. Count the number of CO2 bubblescoming egress of the delivery tube. Record the number of bubbles which came out each minute (checking time with the stopwatch) 9. Repeat from step 5 with Solution A2, but this time heat the solution up to a temperature of 100C instead of 40C.CONCLUSIONWe may realize that our aim was successfully achieved because wewere able to know the effect of anaerobic respiration in yeast in 2 temperatures 40 & a boiling temperature (90-100). If we see our results we may see that in test tube B, the one with the boiling water, hasn?t produced CO2 bubbles, there is no bubbles because yeast is boiled, so yeast dont breath because when it was boiled it was killed, that causes yeast to not to breath. By looking at the formula of anaerobic respiration in fungi (yeast) & bacteriaWe puke see that yeast contains glucose, because if the product is CO2 , the have to contain glucose. If we see graph 1 we can see that the line that indicates de results for water at 40 is increasing as time passes. As I already mentioned, at a boiling temperature yeast dont breath so we can say that as temperature increases less CO2 bubbles are produced, so less respiration is done by yeast.EVALUATION One way in which we may improve the experiment is by doing different ranges of temperatures, & changing the volume of yeast it would be interesting for other experiment. One of the main source of uncertainty in this experiment is the beholder because i f you confuse the number of bubbles the results may be different, in another way the observer could be the source of uncertainty is by when reading the thermometer placed into the water, you may confuse and the results will not be the same because yeast will be placed in another temperature.

Book Review: The Blueprint of a Green Economy

The Blueprint of a Green thriftDavid Pearce, Anil Markandya, Edward BarbierBook ReviewBackgroundThe book A Blueprint for a Green Economy was written as a study for the Department of Environment in the U.K. under the name Sustown(prenominal)able Development, Resource Accounting and Project assessment state of matter of the Art Review popularly known as the Pearce Report.Post the well-known Brundtland Report, the authors, conservationists, economic intelligents David Pearce, Anil Markandya and Edward Barbier have presented the economic underpinnings of the thought of sustainable development in the book documenting their thoughts and positions refering sustainability.The book depicts the meeting of the mart doctrine of Margret Thatcher popularly called Thatcherism with the late articulated concern for the environment. Refering the demand of the hr inquiry, the book became a best merchandising in the field of environmental economic sciences when it was released in 1989.Contented Anal ysis and Major SubjectsThe rules were threePolicy to be based on sustainability, Delegating pass judgment to environmental effects and incentivizing environmental betterment.Thesustainability constructis explained as a two-pronged attack, as much capital and environmental wealth to future coevalss as the present coevals.The 2nd pendent concerns the paygrade of environmental effectswhich aimed at seting a ordained fiscal value / economic value on the environment alternatively of 0 monetary value policy.The third subject advocates theusage of market inducementsfor accomplishing preferable environmental results. The writers have tried to develop a market-based attack to reflect all these issues as it is in footings of variables of demand, supplying and monetary values as they steadfastly believe that is the easiest and best manner to react and turn to the issues of environment-development tradeoff and sustainable development.The Congestion charges of London, the Carbon credits tra ding be a twosome of illustrations of the 3rd subject mentioned.The Blueprint for a Green Economy believes in long-run policy steps for look oning a right smart to sustainable economic development. The book brought the way interrupting thought of sing Environment as capital plus brings out the position to include non merely inherent resources and inputs as portion of these assets but besides the constructs of eco-tourism, and installations or chances such as fishing, hunting, wildlife sing etc as natural capital. As this natural capital is non earned conflicting our fiscal and physical capital, on that point tends to be a grade of sloppiness associated in footings of our point of view. Hence, there is inclination to everyplace-exploit and see them as abundant or limitless without caring for their equal saving and handiness for the future coevalss. While such usage leads to immense growing now, its long-run impaction would be to step down it. The book answers the refering inq uiry is where to pull the line, what is the tradeoff?Blueprint of a Green Economy gives a different return to theenvironment vs. economic growing argument. It points out that the actual trade-off is between our stock of semisynthetic capital ( viz. physical and human capital ) and our natural capital. It does non prophesize abandoning any economic development merely because there would be environmental impacts. The book recognizes worlds and the fact that some sum of environmental effects is ineluctable even at zero-growth phases. All that the book argues is that such a trade-off must be rational i.e. the economic development must ensure the environmental cost it would incur and for that the economic rating of the environmental impact must be right and non undervalued as it has ever been historically. Therefore, a undertaking should be undertaken merely if its economic benefits exceed the overall environmental costs any bit good as the benefits that are presently accruing due to non-existence of such a undertaking.The Southern Cross of unsustainable development in todays being is the gross undervaluation of environmental impact of economic development. Such wrong rating leads to incorrect picks as the trade-offs are non right assessed.Another cardinal subject highlighted in this book is theimmensefalse belief in disregarding the rating of cardinal constituents of natural capitalthat provide us services or serve of import natural maps for quit such as purification of H2O by coastal wetlands. As this map has a nothing monetary value and there is no market place for it, there is natural hazard of its development or over-usage resulting in debasement. Exhaustible resources like oil have a market-determined monetary value that would mostly declare in cheque such a effect but such natural capital is bound to stay unaccounted for. Hence, the writers have mandated environmental invoice so that a stock of such resources is profiled in a balance sheet. The flow of their utilizations must besides be accounted and stairss taken to guarantee that their stocks and flows are matched to maintain an history of their efficient use and look into development besides doing informed rational picks in the trade-off. Further, such accounting and rating will besides supply the policy-makers a dependable and consistent database for effectual direction of the natural capital of the economic system.The book besides generates some contention over theundertaking assessmentsand their concern of dismissing the time to come by sing that the price reduction rates do non necessarily move as a disadvantage to the environment. The present value of costs of 1000000s of dollars over the period of a longer clip frame say 100 old ages reduces it to a few dollars doing any action highly difficult to warrant on economic evidences.Continuing on their accent on market-based instruments for sustainable development, the writers argue that market-based incentive systems like pollution licenses for industries are better environmental-protection steps than Govt.-mandated instruction and control steps.Critical AppraisalThis book depicts treatments on the construct of a green economic system and presents an docket for policy on environment. The book perspicuously explains why such an economic roadmap to a greener hereafter is indispensable, if modern economic systems are to develop successfully and sustainably.With the increasing jutting growing rate and advertize per unit areas on natural resources, it is indispensable to anticipate the deductions of this on the environment and program steps to carry through sustainable development. The market rule screw happen some relevancy in economic policy-making in India excessively where the environment vs. growing argument finds a considerable policy infinite. However, any undervaluation or wrong measuring of these variables will get the better of the whole procedure and hence must be guarded against.This is a a uthoritative on the academic topic environmental economic sciences and widely recommended for reading by pupils and research workers. This is a great book for acquiring started on the issue for a cause that finally has a much larger and long-run impact. The book explores the span of the ways in which we have distorted and damaged the environment and what burn down be done to account for that harm and perchance cut down or change by reversal it.This is a well-written book on the environmental economic sciences in seven chapters. The writers devote attending to assorted aspects in a systematic and limpid mode. The usage of illustrations, tabular arraies and graphs makes reading and understanding better. non dismissing the powerful thoughts that the book puts Forth, my broad-spectrum feeling of the book is that the potency of the book is non rather realized. Although the book identifies attacks and schemes for rating of the environment, it seems to be a hard text for the non-practici ng economic expert to work with.The book has besides dealt with the pecuniary every bit good as physical attacks to environmental accounting but does non reply which attack to follow but leaves the treatment by acknowledging that the work on the same is still at babyhood and more research needs to be done somewhat it.Obscure Concepts such as intergenerational equity , informational value of hold , uncertainty , irreversibility , importing and exporting sustainability , etc. are used in an abstract mode. Chris Patten, the secretaire for Environment at that point of clip, failed to implement the ideas put away by the study, but this does nonper Secan be used to indicate fingers at the content of the study. But the positive image was that, that the book brought all the issues on the tabular array and in public position.The writers could hold included alternate theoretical and methodological attacks like the followersTangible thoughts of execution for sustainable development fo cal point on how instead than what.Quantitative non qualitative processs for measurement e.g instead than physical/monetary attack, rating of a tree by the energy stored in it, chance cost et AlOverall, although the book is over two decennary old, it is still both large-hearted and pertinent for person who believer in the cause of the environment. The read should be supplemented by reading the subsequentness written twenty old ages post the topic of the original book i.e. A new Blueprint for a Green Economy which highlights the new attacks needed to pull off the turning environmental concerns. The subsequence emphasizes on the implementable policies for economic systems, and explains the importance for the same.In a nutshell, the books practical relevancy even today can non be doubted. It has influential thoughts and its true-to-life(prenominal) proposals continue to fascinate policy shapers till day of the month. Its message underscoring the importance of sustainable economic d evelopment is merely deriving more relevancy with to each one go throughing twenty-four hours in todays epoch of planetary heating and clime alteration. One can merely disregard this at its ain hazard.

Decision Making: Espoused Versus Enacted Values

Decision devising Espoused versus Enacted Values No matter what type of organization it is there are always tough decisions to make. These decisions are based saturnine of the companies preferred norms and value or the employees. In any case, a decision has to be made. Sometimes there is a battle to stick with an organizations preferred value and norms or go with the determine and norms exhibited by the employees (p. 39). We will look at the movie 2012 and take a look at concepts that have been described in regards to espoused set versus enacted values from Kreitner and Kinicki school text Organizational Behavior (eighth edition).The movie 2012 begins in India where a geophysical team learns that the earths core is heating up at a speedy pace. Dr. Adrian Henley makes the decision to warn the President of the United States that the cheek of the earth is becoming very unstable. This instability can lead to a major catastrophe and the wide race will be doomed. Dr. Hemley assumed the President would industrious the nation immediately. He was acting on his personal values and entangle that everyone should be warned. Dr. Hemley felt as though everyone should have an opportunity to prepare for the worst.This is an example of an enacted value based off of emotions and what was ethically right. The brass had their proclaim agenda that was already established. . They exactly alerted the rich who were able to purchase a spot on arcs that were built for this type of disaster. This is an example of an espoused value within the organization. The government saw this as a way of meeting humanitys needs without harming future generations (p. 39). They believed by saving the wealthy families they would have money to embellish in rebuilding civilization. Again, Dr.Henley just could not sit right with the fact that the wealthy were only being warned. It was a constant battle inside him and he had to at least alert those closest to him. Dr. Henley gave his father a ca ll and he warned the geologist in India that first figured out the earths crust was heating up at a very rapid pace. This is another example of making a decision based off of an enacted value, emotions, and what was right ethically. in any event Dr. Henley and the government, another character in the movie was dealing with the same type of decision.Writer Jackson Curtis was working as a driver for a wealthy ancestry man. Curtis was instructed to pick up the children of his headman and bring them to the plane where they would leave for the arc. In the midst of completing his assignment he stumbles upon the same in takeation regarding the disaster that was round to occur. Curtis had children of his own and of course he wanted to save them as well. So he used the company car to pick up his kids, rent a plane, and get them to safety. Curtis still followed his headman instructions while following his heart.Hence, the struggle between espoused values versus enacted values is present i n a smaller affair as well. Organizations and their managers hope that their espoused values will directly influence the behavior and decisions of employees (p. 39) values from Kreitner and Kinicki text Organizational Behavior (eighth edition). However, employees are human and can form their own opinions based on their own observations. Employees are human and emotions can affect their behavior and decisions. Organizations can have a strong desire to kick results and not be oo flexible in getting those results. But with outside influences of the employees, a struggle between those espoused values and enacted values can present themselves. References 2012 (film). (n. d. ). Retrieved Sept. 21, 2012 from the OLPC Wiki http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/2012_(film) substitution Michigan University. (2009). Organizational kinetics and Human Behavior (2nd ed. ). McGraw-Hill. Kinicki, A. & Kreitner, R. (2009). Organizational behavior Key concepts, skills, and best practices (4th ed. ). Bos ton, MA McGraw-Hill. .Decision Making Espoused Versus Enacted ValuesDecision Making Espoused versus Enacted Values No matter what type of organization it is there are always tough decisions to make. These decisions are based off of the companies preferred norms and values or the employees. In any case, a decision has to be made. Sometimes there is a battle to stick with an organizations preferred values and norms or go with the values and norms exhibited by the employees (p. 39). We will look at the movie 2012 and take a look at concepts that have been described in regards to espoused values versus enacted values from Kreitner and Kinicki text Organizational Behavior (eighth edition).The movie 2012 begins in India where a geophysical team learns that the earths core is heating up at a rapid pace. Dr. Adrian Henley makes the decision to warn the President of the United States that the crust of the earth is becoming very unstable. This instability can lead to a major catastrophe and t he entire race will be doomed. Dr. Hemley assumed the President would alert the nation immediately. He was acting on his personal values and felt that everyone should be warned. Dr. Hemley felt as though everyone should have an opportunity to prepare for the worst.This is an example of an enacted value based off of emotions and what was ethically right. The government had their own agenda that was already established. . They only alerted the rich who were able to purchase a spot on arcs that were built for this type of disaster. This is an example of an espoused value within the organization. The government saw this as a way of meeting humanitys needs without harming future generations (p. 39). They believed by saving the wealthy families they would have money to invest in rebuilding civilization. Again, Dr.Henley just could not sit right with the fact that the wealthy were only being warned. It was a constant battle inside him and he had to at least alert those closest to him. Dr. Henley gave his father a call and he warned the geologist in India that first figured out the earths crust was heating up at a very rapid pace. This is another example of making a decision based off of an enacted value, emotions, and what was right ethically. Besides Dr. Henley and the government, another character in the movie was dealing with the same type of decision.Writer Jackson Curtis was working as a driver for a wealthy business man. Curtis was instructed to pick up the children of his boss and bring them to the plane where they would leave for the arc. In the midst of completing his assignment he stumbles upon the same information regarding the disaster that was about to occur. Curtis had children of his own and of course he wanted to save them as well. So he used the company car to pick up his kids, rent a plane, and get them to safety. Curtis still followed his boss instructions while following his heart.Hence, the struggle between espoused values versus enacted values i s present in a smaller business as well. Organizations and their managers hope that their espoused values will directly influence the behavior and decisions of employees (p. 39) values from Kreitner and Kinicki text Organizational Behavior (eighth edition). However, employees are human and can form their own opinions based on their own observations. Employees are human and emotions can affect their behavior and decisions. Organizations can have a strong desire to deliver results and not be oo flexible in getting those results. But with outside influences of the employees, a struggle between those espoused values and enacted values can present themselves. References 2012 (film). (n. d. ). Retrieved Sept. 21, 2012 from the OLPC Wiki http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/2012_(film) Central Michigan University. (2009). Organizational Dynamics and Human Behavior (2nd ed. ). McGraw-Hill. Kinicki, A. & Kreitner, R. (2009). Organizational behavior Key concepts, skills, and best practices (4th ed. ). Boston, MA McGraw-Hill. .

Properties of Hydrates Essay

PurposeThe purpose of the Properties of Hydrates lab is to study renders, and be able to identify them. This lab also focuses on observing the reversibility of hydration reactions by hydrolysis, and also testing substances for efflorescence of deliquescence.ProcedureA.Identification1. mark 0.5 grams of each compound (Nickel Chloride, cat valium Chloride, Sodium Tetraborate, Sucrose, Calcium Carbonate, and Barium Chloride) in a undersized dry test tube. 2. Heat gently with a burner flame and observe carefully. If droplets of urine appear on the test tube it may be a hydrate. Note the nature and colouring of the sleep. 3. Let the tube cool, and try to dissolve the proportion in a few cm3 of pissing, warming if necessary. A true hydrate leave behind dissolve in wet, producing a color similar to that of the original hydrate. A carbohydrate will give off water, but tends to char. The residue will also often be a caramel color.B.Reversibility1. Gently heat a few crystals of ab out 0.3 grams of hydrated Cobalt(II) Chloride, CoCl2 x 6H2O in an evaporating dish until the color change appears to be complete 2. Dissolve the residue in the evaporating dish in a few cm3 of water from the wash bottle 3. Heat the residue to a boiling and carefully boil it to dryness. Note any color changes. 4. Put the evaporating dish on the lab bench and let it cool.C.Deliquescence and Efflorescence1. Place a few crystals of Na2CO3 x 10H2O, CaCl2, KAl(SO4)2 x 12 H20, and CuSO4 in an a separate evaporating dish next to the CoCl2 prepared in part B. 2. To see defy the hears gained or lost mass, weigh each of them on a top-loading balance and record to the nearest hundredth. 3. Weight them again subsequently an hour to detect whatever changes in mass. 4. Observe the samples occasionally. Note any structures in color and structureand degree of wetness.D. Percent of Water in Hydrate1. Clean melting pot and its overcome, and also make sure that crucible tongs are clean. Put over f ire, and let cool. 2. Weight the crucible to the nearest thousandth. Handel with tongs 3. Obtain a sample of an unknown hydrate, and place about 1 gram in the crucible. 4. Weight the crucible, cover and sample on the balance. 5. Put the crucible on the clay triangle, with the cover off center to allow water vapor to escape. 6. Heat again, gently at first, and then with the bottom red for about 10 minutes. 7. Center the crucible cover, and let it cool to room temperature. 8. Weight the cooled crucible and with its cover and contents. 9. Examine the solid residue.10. Add water until the crucible it ii thirds full. Warm gently if the residue doesnt readily dissolve. 11. Does the residue appear to be soluble?Waste DisposalDispose of the Copper mixture, and the Aluminum mixture in the correct roster under the waste hood. All of the acids and bases can be disposed of down the sink. If the compound isnt water soluble put in the organic container. chemic Principles in the Laboratory Exper iment 6ConclusionThe purpose of the Properties of Hydrates lab was to be able to identify if a substance was a hydrate or not. In lab, experiments where conducted to see if a compound was a hydrate or not. In order for the compound to be deemed as a hydrate it had to1. unloose water upon heating2. The anhydrous residue had to be water soluble3. Exhibit reversibilityIf, and only if the compound showed that it could exhibit all three of theseproperties, could it be autocratic a hydrate. In part A of the experiment, Nickel Chloride and Sodium Tetraborate were the only two compounds that were true hydrates. Both of these showed water residue when heating, where soluble in water after heating, and converted back to it original color after performing the first two experiments. Some of the other compounds had positive results for one or two test but not all three. For example, Sucrose, when heated, water residue appeared on the test tube, and was soluble in water, but the compound didnt show reversibility.In part B of the experiment, CoCl2*6H2O was heated, dissolved, and then heated again to show that it was a true hydrate. When the Cobalt Chloride was heated, it glowering from the color of fuchsia pink, to a light blue. And then after being dissolved into water, the compound turned back to its original color of fuchsia pink, demonstrating reversibility. The color change in this compound shows that by adding water to the anhydrous residue, that the very(prenominal) bonds that were broken my dehydrating the compound where reformed when adding water.In part C, four compound, plus the Cobalt Chloride mentioned above were tested for deliquescence, and efflorescence. Only one compound turned about to be efflorescent, which means that it lost water, which was Sodium Carbonate. The compounds mass before sitting out was 50.645g, after being exposed to the conditions of the laboratory for an hour, the sample lading 50.603g losing approximately 0.042g over the period of a n hour. The Calcium Chloride (gained 0.258g), Copper Sulfate (gained 0.007g) and Cobalt Chloride (gained 0.068g) where all deliquescent, meaning that again mass while sitting in the laboratory. The Potassium Aluminum sulfate, exhibited stability while sitting out for an hour, neither gaining nor losing mass.For part D of the experiment, the part of water in the unknown hydrate was %12.290. The closet percent of the given facts of the unknown was Barium chloride (BaCl2*2H2O), which has %14.8 water in it. This percent was found by using the formula below % water in hydrate=(mass of water in hydrate/mass of the entire hydrate)The wide range of difference between the percent of the given and the unknown could have been due to the fact that there was wood debris in the unknown sample . This could have thrown off the amount of water present in the sample, and messed up the amount of water able to evaporate.

Cell functions

Dealing with challenging behaviour is a high priority for people working in the health and sociable maintenance sectors. In their day-to-day routines, workers encounter a wide variety of behaviour which can significantly, and adversely, affect the quality of the lives of those involved. It is important, therefore, that scholarly persons understand the contexts in which such behaviour occurs in swan to develop their knowledge and understanding of the causes and effects of challenging behaviour, and the range of methods used to deal with it.Health and social care workers are bound by schoolmaster codes of ractice and legislation which determine how they must respond in particular situations. Learners must understand these legal frameworks and the outcomes they can have for workers and service users. This unit aims to develop learner knowledge and understanding in these key areas and underpins other units in the qualification. It is essential in terms of preparing learners to get th e most from any work experience they undertake.In order to complete the unit, learners must apply their learning by contributing to the development of a strategy for dealing with challenging behaviour. They will need to consider the skills essential to minimise the effects of challenging behaviour, such as recognising triggers, and appropriate methods of intervention. This unit enables learners to assess some of the difficulties involved in working in the health and social care sectors. It is suitable for all learners interested in a career in these sectors.

A Creation of Motivation in Life

There be numerous ways to locomote or de-motivate yourself or your employees. You could look at the motivation perspective from an individual or from a whole groups point of view. I will give examples of both by showing charts, lists, and other instruction that will tell you how to set goals for motivating yourself and your play alongs employees. Motivating yourself is the first step you necessity to take.Everyone has different things that motivate them. This needs to be unploughed in mind when thinking about how to motivate others or when trying to come up with situations that will motivate others. Things that motivate you whitethorn or may not motivate another person. For instance people like knowing what is expected of them everyday, so try to apply it to your employees, nevertheless dresst puff what motivates you on them.The next thing you can do is create a motivation file. This is for people that ar critics or a notional leader. A creative leader goes to the same c onference as ordinary people, but in the first hour sees twenty ways the registration could squander been done better, the speaker system could have presented more effectively, or the doughnuts could have been distributed more efficiently.(1) Being this way can be a de-motivator if you dont know how to handle it. Because chiding is de-motivating. A habit of admonition will create a leak in a leaders motivation reservoir(1) This will presently turn into all criticism and no motivation. The motivation you have personally has all gone away.Creating a motivation file will help scrap this tendency. Each time you see another person a pastor, denominational leader, educator, missionary, anyone doing something dumb or omitting something important write it down starting with I would.(1) adjust yourself in their shoes and say I would do this better and then write what ever comes to your mind down. You have now helped yourself and created a motivation file. You have shifted from outwa rd-directed criticism about things you cant change, to inward-directed ideas where you world power do something some day.(1) This is why you create your motivational file.Reasons for using a motivation file1) Having a motivation file can help you eviscerate a job.As many times you have said to yourself this is what I would do you finally get confident. So when you are on your next job interview you can share with the boss some of your ideas.2) Your friend gets one of your Motivation File jobs.An employee comes to you with a problem on getting motivated for a job. You can pull out your file and be qualified to give them a answer that you are confident with.3) It can help you hire a new staff member.You are commanded to hire a motivational speaker for your employees that you manage. You are prepared to ask the right questions that you think should be covered in the interview.4) Someone else comes to ask you for advice.The things they ask might not be in your motivational file but you can improvise. This will help your friend or family member out and ad a new subject on to your motivation file.If you create a motivation file in your head you will benefit yourself. This way is not as effective, but you will redirect some of that negative criticism into personal motivation that you can later use.De-motivators are all throughout the work force. If you have a good idea on what some of these things might be, then you can start to eliminate them. The first thing you need to do is ask your employees what they would change in the organization to help better motivate them. The second thing you need to do is look at your employees as human beings. You must remember that they also want to succeed and strive for betterment in their field. Here is a list of de-motivators that might be within your organization.1) Create an atmosphere full of company politics.2) Develop unclear expectations regarding your employees performance.3) Create many unnecessary rules for employees to follow.4) Plan unproductive meetings for employees to attend.5) Promote internal competition in the midst of employees.6) Withhold information critical for employees to perform their work.7) Provide criticism instead of structural comments.8) Tolerate poor performance so your high performing employees feel taken advantage of.(2)After you have focused on bring uping these problems then you need to change the organization around into a positive work environment. Remember that (a negative manager motivates employees by appealing to their fear, and a positive manager motivates employees by tapping into their potential.) (3) Here is a list of things that you can change in your organization to better motivate your employees.1) If your employees do routine work, add some fun and build to their routine.2) Provide employees with input and choice in how they do their work.3) Encourage responsibility and leadership opportunities within your company.4) Promote social interaction and tea mwork between employees.5) Tolerate learning errors by avoiding harsh criticism.7) Develop goals and challenges for all employees.9) Make appreciation part of your repertoire.10) Develop measurement that shows performance increase.(2)Motivation is hard to come by if you company climate is bad. Think back when someone, a t individuallyer, a parent, and a minister, so on motivated you. They made you feel that you were doing something important and you wanted to succeed in whatever you were doing. Throughout that you had positive thoughts. This is one of the six things you need to have to get a positive climate that will motivate your employees. When ever you are trying to create a motivational climate keep these six things in mind.When you attain your goals, attain your goals, publicise your success. Thank individuals for the success of the group.Smile. Your enjoyment will be contagious. Demonstrate your pleasure when people and the team succeed. Build in enjoyable, social, activitie s so everyone enjoys themselves having coffee or lunch together.Ask people for their opinions. Listen intently to what they say. Consider their thoughts carefully. Give credit when you see somebodys idea.Set clear, reasonable goals with the group. Make certain that stakeholders help set goals and agree to them. When you attain your goals, advertise your success. Thank individuals for contributing to the group.Identify how you can personally gain from an activity. Set this as a goal. Keep it in your mind. Identify your success. If you dont succeed, identify why so you will know what to do to succeed next time.Plan your messages. Take time to check you are communicating clearly. Check with others to ensure they understand.(4)Another way to motivate employees is to give them inspiration. Make them feel like they are there own bosses. You as the supervisor can use these fin things to inspire and motivate your employees to succeed with in their own company.1) Seeking and Using Employe es ideasTo feel a part of the business and to be give an incentive, each employee must understand that he is free to contribute ideas. Management must encourage employee ideas and provide the necessary mechanism for obtaining them. (5)Successful managers create good attitudes by keeping employees well informed of business affairs through bulletin board, employee newsletter, or individual notices, and staff meetings.3) Expressing personal interest in employeesManagers should be able to privately sit down with employees to discuss both business and personal matters.Managers should show appreciation by complimenting the employee for work done well.The supervisor provides the link between management and subordinates. He is the spokesman for his workers, which entails motivating and informing employees of responsibilities.Throughout this paper a motivation file has been talked about that can help benefit yourself. Things that de-motivate your employees were also listed which dont need to go unrecognized. Also things that increase the motivation in your employees and will help in their insinuative to work and succeed throughout the company.

Cold War Case Essay

The Cold struggle was a strife between the USA and the Soviet join. It led to the existence of thousands of nuclear weapons, twain universal joint ideologies in conflict, and two different self-images, the unify States championing a universe made safe for democracy. Its opponent, the Soviet center advocated creation Communism.The coupled States prides itself on its heritage of freedom, a refuge for persecuted religious groups, a land of liberty that successfully rebelled against the empurpled power of Britain in 1776. Its guiding principles were the protection of the individuals life, liberty and pursuit of happiness and the face of a constitution that embodied the best political idea of modern times, a system of checks and balances so that the president, Congress or parliament and judiciary or Supreme Court shared power, checking each differents work to guard against dictatorship.While the United States did not al miens live up to its ideals, nonetheless, on paper at le ast, it looked good compared to its Cold War rival, the Soviet Union. Led by a murderous dictator, Joseph Stalin (1928 to 1953), the Soviet government was brutal, outlawing all op maculation, banned political parties opposed to the Communist Party, murdered millions and set up a vast prison camp system known as the Gulag. In the years 1937-38 alone, Stalin reproducible the execution of one million citizens of the Soviet Union.In the fifty years of the Cold War, the United States only when executed two of its own citizens, the husband and wife Rosenberg spy team. Even though the Rosenbergs should not commit been executed because their crimes were tiny in the context of the Civil War, the difference between the United States and the Soviet Union in terms of political mass murder of its own citizens is obvious. despite this fact, one third of the man went the Communist way and other countries were tempted by the promises of Communism. How could this be?In theory, Communism promis ed a more match world and at its greatest extent in the 1970s, Communist governments ruled one third of the worlds people. These were mostly poor countries looking for a quick way to industrialise. These countries looked upon the United States as a champion of the rich and powerful, an exploitative superpower that exported its economicalal system of capitalism only because it suited its interests to do so.Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the United States strides the world as the sole superpower. The United States maintains its bewitch on this unipolar world without having to make too much effort. The United States spends only about 5-6% of its prudence (its gross national product) on defense. The Soviet Union spent somewhere between 20% and 33% of its economy to try to keep up with the United States during the Cold War. It couldnt keep up the pace. The position of the United States has declined only slightly in the twentieth carbon. In 1928, its economy was fou r times the surface of its nearest rival (France) and in 1950 its economy was three times the size of its nearest rival (the Soviet Union).It is not just a question of economic or military power. American sprouts and popular medicinal drug dominated the mass culture of the world from World War One to the present day. In 1994, the biggest-selling film in Austria, France, Germany, Argentina and Mexico was the The Lion King, an American cartoon. The Flinstones was the best-selling film in Poland and Turkey. Forrest Gump won Finland and Norway. It is important to think of that power is projected and wars can be won not just by military and economic means but also by winning what is now an international culture war.A disinclined empire? The United States expanded its frontier in North America through with(predicate)out the eighteenth century and after victory over Spain in 1898 became a maritime power whose empire stretched as farthermost west as the Philippines. Ever since the Mo nroe Doctrine of 1823, the United States has pledged itself to pr counterbalancet the atomic number 63an powers from intervening in the western hemisphere, specifically Latin America. Following its victory over Spain in 1898, the unshackled States arrived as a world power.For many Native Americans and African-American slaves, some of the rhetoric of freedom did not ring true. however Americas promise of freedom and opportunity attracted migrants from all over the world. They arrived in New York at the rate of a million a year in the early 1900s. As a number of Europes self-destruction in World War One (1914-18), the United States became the dominant economic and political power in the world. It would later describe itself as a reluctant empire, a pop state whose aim was to spread its ideals over the world but not to control in the way that European empires had done in the past. But what would it do with this power?Britain and France, weakened by the loss of Russia through revolu tion, were able to overcome Germany only with Americas help. Wilson believed that the values of the United States were in fact universal values of slumber and democracy. In 1918 Woodrow Wilson, the American president published his Fourteen Points which called for a democratic peace based on the rights of self determination of all nations and the setting up of an international body, the League of Nations, to figure conflicts.But the world was changing. In Russia in 1917 Lenin and his Communist Party had come to power. Even worse for Wilson, his ideas were jilted in his own country, the United States. Wilson was pleased that the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War One launch a League of Nations, but then found that the United States would not join. The League of Nations was rejected by the Senate, the upper house of the US Congress. Instead the Untied States tried to secure its future through the majuscule Conference of 1921-22 which agreed that the US Navy should be of equ al strength to the largest navy in the world, the British.In the 1920s and 30s, American foreign policy was dominated by isolationism, a refusal to intervene in Europe even when fasicsts, nazis and communists were on the march against American-style democracy in Europe. Those who support American power in the world today still worry that if the rest of the world criticises the United States too much it will put out into its shell again and leave Europe and Australia at the mercy of a new (presumably Asian) religious fascim.Despite or because of its spectacular economic growth, American capitalism hit a major snag in the Great falloff that began in 1929 and economic problems increased the whim of isolationism in the US public, that is a mood of cutting the United States off from the worlds troubles. The president to take the US out of the Depression was Franklin D. Roosevelt, who introduced his New Deal. It was Roosevelt who would take the USA into the Second World War but only af ter lacquer attacked Pearl Harbour in 1941, putting an end to the argument for isolation. The USA suffered more than three deoxycytidine monophosphate thousand deaths in World War Two, mostly soldiers. But as in World War One this was a relatively small price to pay for what was a huge victory. The Soviet Union now under Joseph Stalin lost 27-30 million people, the majority of which were civilians.At the end of world War Two, the United States had a new and powerful weapon, the atomic bomb that it had to used to force japan to surrender in 1945. Under president Truman from 1945-52, the United States staked out a new role as the worlds policeman whose task it was to protect the democratic and free West from the tyranny of Stalins Communism in the Soviet Union.The United States would win the Cold War, in large part because of its continuing economic success. On the eve of its collapse in 1990, the GNP of the Soviet Union was approximately one third of that of the USA, even though th e United States and the Soviet Union had almost identical population sizes.The secret to Americas success? Unlike the Soviet Union, which experimented with a new and untried economic model of a state-rune economy, the Untied States had a proven economic model of capitalism. It had its faults such as inequality and crises of unemployment but encouraged groundwork and efficiency in a way that the Soviet system did not.

Internet Gambling Essay

This document will inform you about the invoice of meshing gaming, the existing issues, and a number of concerns involved with online childs play. Prior to the launching of the World Wide Web in 1993 which changed the setting of looseness, mountain had to travel great distances to gamble. The worlds first virtual online casino, lucre Casinos, Inc. (ICI) commenced operation on haughty 18, 1995 with 18 different casino games.Most of these online romp companies are located outside of the U. S.to avoid political relation prosecution. ICI operates out of the Turks and Caicos Islands (Kish, 1999). One of the main reasons internet gambling started was because of courts. The value to start up an internet gambling site is around 1. 5 million dollars, which is half of what it costs to actually construct a casino. ICI estimates that the party averages about a twenty four per centum profit margin, versus the typical United States casino, which ranges from eight percent to sixteen p ercent of each dollar wagered (Kish, 1999).An estimated twenty million people are currently online with a projected 160 million online by the year 2020. The overall market for online gambling is estimated to be somewhat $49 billion worldwide (Kish, 1999). The history of internet gambling is only a decade old, tho, its history will hold on for several more. There are several existing issues facing internet gambling. The first issues we will discuss are how to regulate internet gambling.The question raised by the progeny of Internet gambling is whether old lawsbased mainly on a world of atomsare hitherto viable, and if not, in which way the Internet should be regulated (Walther, 2000). Some scholars believe that internet gambling of necessity to be regulated, and of course there are those that say let the owners of the sites regulate themselves. Regulatory procedures can be targeted at either or both of the providers and the consumers of gambling services.In the case of consumers , regulation is usually apply by age, through prohibition of the participation of minors. Procedures might also be contrived to prohibit occupation gamblers or undischarged bankrupts from engaging in gambling (Clarke, 2000). Another existing problem with internet gambling is The Wire Act which was intended to assist the states, territories and possessions of the United States, as well as the District of Columbia, in enforcing their respective laws on gambling and bookmaking and to suppress organized gambling activities.Subsection (a) of the Wire Act, a guilty provision, provides Whoever organism engaged in the business of promiseting or wagering knowingly uses a conducting wire communion facility for the transmission in interstate or foreign commerce of bets or wagers or culture assisting in the placing of bets or wagers on any sporting event or contest, or for the transmission of a wire communication which entitles the recipient to receive money or credit as a go of bets or wagers, or for information assisting in the placing of bets or wagers, shall be fined under this title or imprison not more than two years, or both (Rodefer, 2003).During the House of Representatives debate on the bill, Congressman Emanuel Celler, death chair of the House Judiciary Committee stated this bill only gets after the bookmaker, the gambler who makes it his business to throng bets or to lay off bets. . . It does not go after the causal gambler who bets $2 on a race (Rodefer, 2003). What the giving medication is having a problem with is that most internet gambling sites are hold out ran in foreign countries, and they cannot enforce this act against them. What they are trying to do is change the act to embarrass these third parties.An example of this is the introduction of the Internet sport Prohibition Act of 1997 (Walther, 2000). The bill would have banned Internet gambling by extending the Wire Acts prohibitions on traditional forms of gambling by phone or wire to the Internet (Walther, 2000). This amendment would provide penalties for online bets and wagers. This so far seems to be the best solution, however ethical and moral dilemmas still rest in the hands of our lawmakers today. The next issue facing internet gambling is taxes. This seems to be the governments biggest issue.This is because of the billions of dollars we mentioned for profit by these online sites, government can gain substantial amount of money from it. The legalization of Internet gambling may cause states to lose some receipts generated from legalized gambling operations because many gamblers would knock off their money online (Lassani, 1998). Moreover, states lose revenue by not being able to tax gamblers who win over the Internet. Gamblers who win over the Internet have an incentive not to pay taxes on their winnings because the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) lacks the resources to track online gamblers (Lassani, 1998).The likelihood of addiction to Internet gambling among both children and adults is an extremely important concern. In relation to addiction, children are more likely to commence wedded to some social occasion new than adults (Smith, 2004). For example, the video game-like nature of virtual casinos, labeled the crack cocaine of gambling, could make online gambling a temptation difficult to resist. Furthermore, the fact that the Internet gambler need not leave the harbor and privacy of his or her home could mean that an individual might become substantially addicted.This is the worst thing about internet gambling, because there will not be anyone to detect if a person is addicted or not. Consequently the only aid they will get is their selves, and that leaves the player defenseless against the dependence of gambling. Having to go to the casino to gamble has better retrieves of knowing who is addicted and who is not, they have hired hands to detect this problem, unalike the home atmosphere. Kevin ONeill, Deputy Director of New Jerseys Council on Compulsive Gambling says The real threat comes from the isolation and secrecy of the betting activity itself. I call this threat the spelunk syndrome due to the gamblers isolated behavior and hidden activity (Wharry, 2001). In closing the petty lived World Wide Web as created pandemonium with our lawmakers. The dilemma of how everyone interprets the Wire Act is a major(ip) concern. The efforts to amend it to make all users liable for using the websites are tiresome, and stopping foreigners from creating internet gambling sites seems unfailing since the United States cannot control them.In just over a decade there are over twenty million users, expected to increase to 160 million in the next 14 years. Its revenue is over 49 billion dollars and increasing. There are more profit margins with online gambling than the traditional casino. The cost to create a gambling web is 1. 5 million dollars compared to the 300 million to build a casino, this creates profit and i ncreases attendance because of its trouble-free access.One important concern with internet gambling is addiction. Children are easily addicted to new things than adults and it will make it harder to control and detect gambling addiction. Internet gambling is a good creation for those people who can control themselves, but for those who cannot have a greater chance to end up bankrupt. Thus we can see from this example alone, why lawmakers are having such problems to unafraid the problem, do they let it carry on or let people put themselves in luck of losing everything.Michael Bolcerek the President of The Poker Group said, Its a personal liberty issue with regard to how you spend your money and what you see over the Internet(Roth, 2006). References Clarke, R. (2000, December). The feasibility of regulating gambling on the internet . Retrieved may 5, 2006, from Regulations of internet gambling Web site http//www. anu. edu. au/people/Roger. Clarke/II/FeasIGR. html Kish, S. (1999). An analysis of the governments role in addressing internet gambling. Betting on the Net, 51(no 2), 449-6. Lessani, A.M. (1998, whitethorn). How much do you want to bet that the internet gambling prohibition act of 1997 is not the most effective way to tackle the problems of online gambling.Retrieved May 4, 2006, from The Internet Gambling Prohibition Act An Analysis Web site http//www. gseis. ucla. edu/iclp/alessani. html Rodefer, J. (2003). Federal wire wager act. Retrieved May 5, 2006, from Gambling-Law- US. com Web site http//www. gambling-law-us. com/Federal-Laws/wire-act. htm Roth, B. (2006, April 25).Foes try to squelch online gambling.Knight Ridder Tribune Business News, 1. Smith, A. (2004). Controversial and emerging issues associates with eybergambling (e-casinos). Online selective information Review. 28(6), 435-443. Walther, F. M. (2000). A comparative u. s. -swiss perspective. Retrieved May 5, 2006, from Internet Gambling Related Regulatory Questions and Enforcement Proble ms Web site http//stlr. stanford. edu/STLR/Events/gambling/contents_f. htmlnote5 Wharry, S. (2001). E-Gambling threat worries addiction experts. You Bet Your Life, 165, 325.

Local Lit Foreign Lit Essay

In this chapter one of the most important early locomote in a research project is the conducting of the literary productions refreshen. This chapter go forth explain how review of related literature is very important in conducting a study. This is likewise one of the most humbling experiences youre in solely likelihood to surrender. Because youre likely to find out that well(p) about any worth sequence idea you pull up stakes have has been thought of before, at least to some degree. A literature review is designed to aim related research, to set the current research project within a conceptual and theoretical context. The superior emphasis on research journals that use a blind or juried review system. The literature review testament help to find and select appropriate standard instruments. It bequeath readily see what measurement instruments researchers used themselves in contexts similar to the study. Finally, the literature review get out help to anticipate common p roblems in the research context. It can use the prior experiences of others to avoid common traps and pitfalls.2.1 Related publicationsLocal LiteratureThe Department of Education said Monday its all systems go for the National C argonr Assessment enquiry (NCAE), adding that it expects some 1.5 million fourth class spirited direct students from both public and tete-a-tete schools to participate. The yearly conduct of the NCAE gives the students and the parents an idea on the field of endeavor most suited to the graduating students thus, allowing for break dance decision on their choice of career, Education Secretary Jesli Lapus said. A major part of the mental testing consists of the general scho stand firmic adroitness test. It also measures a graduating students latents or inclination in such areas as technical-vocational aptitude, entrepreneurial skills, nonverbal ability and occupational interest.The test components are scientific ability, mathematical ability, reading comprehension, verbal ability, artful skills, clerical ability, non-verbal ability and entrepreneurial skills. The exam egresss are at best recommendatory and are not a requisite for admission to college. There were 717,232 students or 58.62 percent who obtained high aptitude in entrepreneurship. Some 20,307 students with high general scholastic aptitude scores and 22,879 students with high results in technical-vocational aptitude became eligible. (James Konstantin Galvez, n.d.)It says in the article that the sound judgment exam will determine which career path is best after graduation from high school based on the individual test results. The trial will also minimize the mismatch in career choices and skills that has affected more college graduates who were not well advised about what career path they should take.*PMA exam passers eye academys 300 slots.The 942 passers of the recent Philippine Military Academy (PMA) beguile exams will still have to battle it out to make it to the 300-strong cast of final cut and fulfill their dreams of macrocosm a member of the PMA Class 2013. The PMA entrance examination is the just first step of a exceedingly competitive process for cadet aspirants in the PMA. To secure a slot in the academy, examination passers will then have to overcome the rigid and complete physical fitness test and medical examination set in early October. But the good news is PMAs officials are reportedly planning to talk with the Armed Forces of the Philippines general headquarters to extend the final cut qualifiers by 30 to 50.Those who will qualify the second stage will be notified by the PMA thru mail, while the complete list of passers will be published in some major national broadsheets and at the PMA website at www.pma.ph. And although the exam is just the beginning, PMA Supt. M/Gen. Leopoldo Maligalig appreciated the 18-percent passing rate this year, solitary(prenominal) a whisker ahead of last years 16 percent. Records show that ap plicants from Baguio registered the highest passing percentage in the entrance exam at 27 percent with 133 passers. There were 8, 449 regulars and 1,834 walk-in applicants nationwide but only 5, 777 have equal to take the entrance examinations.5, 652 completed the battery test in mathematics, English and special PMA aptitude test. PMA, considered the countrys clear military institution, has been accepting more(prenominal) than 10,000 to 12, 000 applicants in the past days. Academys in rowation officer gentlewoman Capt. Agnes Lynnette Flores, however, noted that there has been a decrease in the number of aspiring cadets as a result of PMAs more rigid training intended to maintain its reputation of producing high-quality cadets and future true leaders.The weapons platform is also geared to insulate PMA cadets from politics and to mold them into constitutional soldiers who must defend the fundamental rightfulness of the land at all costs, she said.*MMDA chief Address job mismatc h. Saying the education system is failing to produce the skills needed by the private perseverance, Metropolitan Manila Development Authority Chairman Bayani Fernando yesterday called for joint public-private collaboration to address the problem of job mismatch. The government, schools and private business should get together for an supercede of views on dominant and emerging jobs and the skills needed to fill the jobs, Fernando said. He suggested homophile-resource planning to forecast the demand for and total of critical skills. The planning could be done on an industry basis. Fernando proposed that companies provide the necessary training and retraining, while colleges and universities review their curricula to offer business-friendly courses.The government should also enhance its free training program through the expert and Skills Development Authority (Tesda) by opening more training centers in rural areas and strengthening its vocational training program. Current opportu nities, Fernando noted, are in the fields of information technology, retail, manufacturing, tourism, hospitality and accounting, adding that the call center industry has an opening for at least 60,000 jobs this year. Fernando said the Philippine economy should also continue to grow in order to provide more better-paying jobs that would entice Filipinos to stay in the country. While overseas Filipino workers are providing billions of dollars in remittances for the Philippine economy, their absence in the country also contributes to the brain/skills drain and to dysfunctional families, he observed. Local industries have estimated incurring an additional P1 billion for recruiting and training new workers to replace those who have left(a) to work abroad.Foreign LiteratureDepEd asked not to rank schools in NAT. The Federation of Association of Private Schools and Administrators (FAPSA) is ask the Department of Education (DepEd) not to rank schools in the National Achievement examine ( NAT), saying it is not a healthy competition. Our group would not mind the intention of Secretary (Jesli) Lapus provided the outcome would not be published, he added. Kasilag made the appeal after the DepEd administered the NAT to sixth graders and second year high school students last March 5 and 12. The conduct of the test had paved the way for ingenious access to leakage.Former DepEd secretary Raul Roco had admitted that questions and answers could bought in the provinces, he said. Kasilag said the NAT, being the precursor of NCEE in the 90s then uncontaminating and NSAT in 2000, was the same exam for whose abolition his group lobbied for. Roco abolished the NCEE in a bid to allow more students to enter college. He cited the case of a female student in his school (St. Nicholas school in Marikina) who failed to graduate as valedictorian because she didnt do well in NEAT exam years back. The mother asked why should a days exam matter most over the completed six years of study in elementary? Schools already have 4 periodicals, 10 periodic tests, countless quizzes and daily assignments, are these not enough? he said. (Shianee Mamanglu, March 18, 2009)The ranking of schools in a publication had proved to be divisive and resulted in unhealthy competition among private schools. Schools that lagged behind inclined(p) rigorously to recover at the expense of regular academic curriculum. Ofcourse, if the result is published it will only cause disgrace to the schools. The conduct of the NAT is not reliable enough to assess the total performance of students, since students, particularly those from the provinces, can buy questions, answers and grades.*Mandatory psych test for leaving OFWs opposed. We will also stage various visual modality actions in national level in the coming weeks to show Malacanang and the House members that there is indeed cacophony for this, he added. Basas, however, expressed appreciation to Secretary Lapus and the entire DepEd in lobbyin g for the immediate approval of the proposed bill. He also lauded the Senate for the immediate approval of its counterpart proposed law in the Upper Chamber. TDC claimed that since 2001 public school teachers had only two salary increases amounting to P2, 000 combined. Mandatory psych test for leaving OFWs opposed.Manila, Philippines A coalition of migrants rights organizations has opposed the proposal to make psychiatricalal examination mandatory for leaving overseas Filipino household aid workers. Ellene Sana, executive director of the centre of attention for migrants Advocacy (CMA), said the proposal was made by the Department of Foreign Affairs, citing a study by the Department of Health of mental cases among overseas Filipino workers. She said they got the information from Poe Gratela, private sector voice to the governing body of the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA), during a consultation meeting on August 6. In Resolution No. 05, Series 2008, the C onsultative Council on OFWs (CCOFW), of which CMA is a member, argued that this mandatory psychiatric exam only for household service workers is discriminatory, will be an additional cost to OFWs, and does not warrantee objectivity.*The council also said the test presupposes that the root problem is the workers psychiatric disposition. It said this presumption is unfounded and illogical.speech sound psychiatric test results of a worker cannot guarantee ones sanity because there are simply too many aggravating factors such as work environment, cultural differences, language barriers, and stirred stress that affect OFWs physical and mental conditions, it said. The council pointed out data which shows that 78 percent of the household service workers deemed mentally unfit were deployed in the Middle East.This indicates that what is needed is for the government to look at the working conditions in the Middle East of the household service workers, and not these workers mental states, it said. Instead, the council proposed that the government administer mandatory psychiatric examinations to all government personnel deployed overseas to determine their psychological and emotional preparation for overseas assignments, particularly, in handling cases of workers in distress.*Aside from CMAs Sana, the other signatories to the resolution are Fr. Savino Bernardi of the Apostleship of the Sea, Fr. Edwin Corros of the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines world(a) Commission on Migrants and Itinerants, Luis Andres Maya of the Scalarini Center for People on the Move, Fr. Fabio Baggio of the Scalabrini Migration Center,Gwendolyn Valencia of the Philippine Migrants Rights Watch, Carmelita Nuqui of the Development Action for Women Network, Gina Espinosa of Kaibigan Inc., Francisco Aguilar Jr. of the Fil Migrant Workers Group, Mildred Yamzon and Dr. Gloria Itchon of the Women in Development Foundation, and Luther Calderon of Kampi.*Naveed Azim and Imran Naqvi and Kashi f ur Rehman. Learning of student can be assessed by objective type and intrinsic type questions. Educationists and behavioral scientists declare subjective writing skills essential for senior management positions. Investigation revealed that IT professionals who qualified through objective type online examination and lack subjective writing skills could not earn ascension in career to top management positions easily.The study considered ability of a student to express knowledge subjectively as the independent variable and higher management position requirements as the dependent variable. It hypothesized better the student of higher level education in his/her subjective expression, more considerable s/he will be for positions at senior management in business organizations. The study selected 100 private companies engaged in the field of Information Technology (IT) in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan who seek OCP or MCSD or MCSE apprised professionals.SalonBooker is the leading online scheduling, point-of-sale and business management software for the beauty industry. Thousands of businesses have joined the GramercyOne family to provide online conflict to their customers, manage day-to-day operations and drive new business. SalonBooker is completely web-based, which makes it available from any computer with a browser and internet connection, anywhere at any date, even via an smart phone or iPad. With SalonBooker you will be able to manage your business efficiently by integrating multiple systems in to one, retain time through intelligent inventory and commission management and track and report across all activities within your business. (http//www.salonbooker.com/)2.2 Related StudiesLocal Studies* match to Wikipedia, A test or an examination (or exam) is an assessment, a great deal administered on paper or on the computer, intended to measure the test-takers or respondents (ofttimes a student) knowledge, skills, aptitudes, or mixture in many other topic s (e.g., beliefs). Tests are often used in education, professional certification, counseling, psychology (e.g., MMPI), the military, and many other fields. The measurement that is the goal of testing is called a test score, and is a summary of the evidence contained in an examinees responses to the items of a test that are related to the construct or constructs being measured. Test scores are interpreted with regards to a norm or criterion, or occasionally both. The norm may be established independently, or by statistical analysis of a large number of subjects. (www.wikipedia.com) agree to Lee J. Cronbach, Test aid in making many sorts of decisions, including selection and classification of individuals, evaluation of educational or treatment procedures, and acceptance or rejection of scientific hypothesis. (Essentials of Psychological Testing, Cronbach, p.18)According to Wikipedia, An Internet forum, or depicted object board, is an online backchat site. It originated as the moder n equivalent of a traditional bulletin board, and a technological phylogenesis of the dialup bulletin board system. From a technological standpoint, forums or boards are web applications managing user-generated content. People participating in an Internet forum may cultivate social bonds and interest groups for a topic may form from the addressions. (www.wikipedia.com)According to WORDIQ, An Internet forum, also known as a message board or discussion board, is a web application that provides for online discussions, and is the modern descendant of the bulletin board systems and existing Usenet news systems that were far-flung in the 1980s and 1990s. An Internet forum typically exists as part of a website and invites users to start topics and discuss issues with one another. Sometimes, a forum even comprises most, if not all, of the content of a site. Compared to wikis, Internet forums dont allow users to edit the forum posts of other users however, administrators and moderators gen erally have the capability of doing this. (www.wordiq.com)Foreign StudiesCollege student retentivity programs tend to focus primarily on students in their first and second year of college as this is the time when the greatest number of students withdraws from postsecondary education (ACT 2004). Such programs vary substantially in design and execution. Examples include early(a) alert, assessment, and monitoring systems to identify students at risk of dropping out for early intervention Freshman Seminar and HORIZONS. organisational Theory practices, designed to create an institutional culture conducive to student retention, are another meaning of encouraging college student retention.Improving college retention rates may have broad wallops students who complete college degrees have been found to be less likely to need the support of social services, generate higher levy returns, put less stress on the criminal justice system, and have better health shape and improved parenting s kills. Expected Beneficial Outcomes, Increased college retention rates, increased graduation rates, Evidence of EffectivenessACT-Student retentivity 2004 indicates that emphasis on retention strategies over the past several decades has not had a substantial impact on college retention overall. However, such programs have been effective in some venues and for some students Dale 1995 reports that 85% of students participating in HORIZON, a Purdue University based student retention program, were retained compared to only 47% of non-enrollee peers. Participants indicated that belonging to a support network, having assistance with effective study methods, and tutoring were most important to their decision not to leave school.According to Wikipedia, Career assessments are tests that are designed to help individuals understand how a variety of personal attributes (i.e., interests, values, preferences, motivations, aptitudes and skills), impacts their potential success and satisfaction wit h different career options and work environments. Assessments of some or all of these attributes are often used by individuals or organizations, such as university career service centers, career counselors, outplacement companies, corporate human resources staff, executive coaches, vocational rehabilitation counselors, and guidance counselors to help individuals make more informed career decisions.